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                       Dedicated to Emergency Communications by RADIO
        EMCOMM  MONTHLY   
                             “PREPAREDNESS is our most important PRODUCT”               
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NUMBER  TEN                ONLINE: www.emcomm.org/em/                      MARCH  2005

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IN THIS ISSUE

 

     Welcome to the March 2005 issue of EMCOMM MONTHLY.  As usual we begin with SHORT CIRCUITS.  EM  INTERNATIONAL is next followed by FEEDBACK, EM ADVISOR, and ICS PERSPECTIVES by Jerry Boyd, N7WR.   In our FEATURE ARTICLE, Don Cantrell, ND6T, presents a novel way to conduct UNDERGROUND COMMUNICATIONS.   NETWORK NEWS is followed by EMCOMM TRAFFIC,  RETRO REVIEW, QSH,  EMCOMM SPECIALTY ITEMS,  NEW SUBSCRIBERS, CONTRIBUTORS, SUPPORT OUR SUPPORTERS.  Our handy REFERENCE SECTION rounds out another...jam-packed...issue of EM.

 

SHORT CIRCUITS

 

• REGIONAL NET REMINDER - TONIGHT  (1st Wednesday of Month):

WINCOM (Washington, Idaho, Nevada, California, Oregon, Montana) 1930PST on 3987 LSB.

All EmComm stations welcome! (Next scheduled WINCOM NET: 16 February  05 at 1930PST on 3987 LSB.)

 

• EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS  “License Plate”

Some new pictures of this popular item have been added at:  http://www.emcomm.org/products/

(Send us a picture of your EMCOMM license plate mounted on your mobile...and we'll add it to the page.)

 

• RadioShack® - CANADA

If you're looking for a part that once was available from RadioShack® but is no longer available...try RadioShack® CANADA.  They apparently carry some parts and accessories that have been dropped from the U.S. catalog.  They also offer products that are not available in the U.S., and be sure to check their "Clearance Outlet" pages.  RadioShack® Canada URL:  http://www.radioshack.ca

 

• RF Noise Identification Website

Features waveform graphics and audio samples. http://ve3hls.tripod.com/noise/rfihome.html  (Thanks to: Ed Ewell, K7DXV)

 

• MORE ABOUT - Tom Brown's Field Guide To City and Suburban Survival - (Ref. January EM book review.) 

"I was able to order it from Powell's Books in Portland, OR  www.powells.com  Search for Tom Brown or ISBN number:  0425091724". - Ken Dahl, K7TAG.

COMMENT: We checked it out and it appears that it has been updated and is now available for $14.00 + shipping.  -  EM

• NVIS - Excellent reading from the U.S. Army
http://www.gordon.army.mil/AC/Spr%2004/Spring%2004%20online.pdf  (Thanks to: John Moriarity, K6QQ) 

• EMCOMMWEST 2005 - RENO, NEVADA - MAY 14-15, 2005 - http://www.emcommwest.org/

 

EMCOMM  INTERNATIONAL

 

     In December EM began a discussion about a proposed "INTERNATIONAL REGISTRY of EMCOMM OPERATORS" (IREO).  In the January and February issues we expanded upon the concept and continued our reader's survey.  The survey period is now closed.  Thank you to the 71 readers who replied to the questionnaire.  (Over 90% of those who responded say that such a registry would be worthwhile.)  Over the next few months we will be evaluating the responses and studying the feasibility of whether or not we at EMCOMM.ORG and EMCOMM MONTHLY will choose to pursue such a project.

     In the meantime, we will continue our mission of educating about, and promoting, effective emergency communications by trained, skilled, experienced, proficient and disciplined amateur radio operators.  (As defined in FCC Rules and Regulations Part 97.1) -- EM

 

FEEDBACK,  MUSINGS... and SPURIOUS EMISSIONS

 

• It's "HIPAA"... not  "HIPPA"

     Thank you for the feature article on HIPAA  in the February EM.  This is a mystery to most EmComm people and also the medical folks for quite awhile.  I must point out that the abbreviation is HIPAA, not HIPPA.  Readers that search for info on the latter will get incomplete results. Having developed a HIPAA policy at a former employer, I know that fingers do not want to type PAA, since that pattern doesn't appear in English text.  This typo is incredibly common.  Nevertheless, remind the readers to use HIPAA, not HIPPA, or at the least search under both abbreviations since even health care professionals make the mistake often.  Thanks.

      -- Ward Silver, NØAX - Vashon, Washington

COMMENT:  "Good Eye" Ward!  You were the only one to catch the error.  (And that includes three proof readers!)  We plead nolo contendere. -- EM

 

• About DHS, FEMA, NRP and SAFECOM

     In response to Jerry Boyd's concern about DHS/FEMA's recent National Response Plan document not mentioning Amateur Radio as part of Emergency Support Function (ESF) #2, this is not a change from the past. The old Federal Response Plan, (predecessor to the National Response Plan) also contained no reference to Amateur Radio in its ESF#2.

     This is probably because the plan is intended to control only federal assets. I know of no place where Amateur Radio is included in the Federal government's emergency plans, and I can't recall any instances of actual Amateur Radio support directly to a federal agency in the last 25 years during a disaster covered by the FRP.

     In New Hampshire's version of this plan, ESF#2 does indeed mention Amateur Radio several times. I'm sure that this is also the case in most, if not all, of the other 49 states.

     This does not mean that DHS/FEMA is ignoring Amateur Radio. It's just that the NRP is not the appropriate document. Another recent DHS program document, "SAFECOM," (March 2004 - 152 pages) does indeed mention Amateur Radio as a viable alternative to official radio systems in a number of the disaster scenarios it discusses. -- Dave Colter WA1ZCN, Editor, ARRL ARECC Course Series, SEC New Hampshire ARES®

 

• SOME TOUGH QUESTIONS
     I have been reading EMCOMM MONTHLY it since you started it and it is a great tool for EmComm people.  I am finally getting around to sending you some $$$
and the "check is in the mail".  I am a DEC in Arizona, have been a ham since 1999, have 24 years in law enforcement, and retired as a Chief of Police in 2003.

     Gotta get something off my chest and I guess this is the place for it.  All due respect to the old timers and their love for CW aside, EmComm is a lot more than code and WPM.  I was none too happy with the comments in the February issue of EM, i.e., "Certainly the ability to copy Morse code at a reasonable speed ( 15 - 20 wpm ? ) would be necessary" when discussing the proposed operator database.  Why would CW be "necessary" to be a useful member of an EmComm response
group?  Are you telling me there would be no need for voice FM or packet in such a disaster area?  This thinking has got to go. Would the writer actually turn away a Tech-licensed operator just because he/she didn't have the holy general or above license?  Give me a break. I see this thinking keeping a lot of good people away from EmComm.  In an actual emergency 90-95% of the operators who say they will respond...won't.  I'd rather have 5% Tech's who responded, than 90% Generals-Extras who stay home.
     The next sore spot is the sacred NTS style radiogram. ARRL just published an EmComm manual, on which I promptly dropped $19.95 just to find out is mostly rehashed ARECC stuff (I have completed levels I, II and III).  However, my real beef is the chapter on message formats. Is the ARRL aware that the radiogram is only ONE method to pass information in the real world?  I am sure they have heard of ICS 213. I am also sure they understand many served agencies and EOC's have their own formats, and couldn't care less about the radiogram form.
     I genuinely do (really I do) understand the effectiveness, speed, and good use of the radiogram form...but many EOC managers couldn't care less. It would have been nice to spend some time discussing other message forms and formats, rather than leading newcomers into believing the radiogram is the only thing they'll ever see.  Is it just me or do I detect a bit of a snobbish attitude by the folks who write this stuff?

     As a Chief of Police, do they really believe I would ask my communication people to change message format in the middle of an emergency just because that's what the ham operator wants to use?  That is not real world thinking. The radiogram is only ONE way of doing things, there are others. This idea that served agencies are just waiting for us hams to arrive, with half a dozen HT's hanging from our belt (and one in each hand) to "save" us from ourselves is bunk.  As a Chief, I would tell you to hit the road if you even thought of telling us how to run our comm, that is not how it works.  Hams are there to serve and is incumbent on them, not the served agency, to learn how we communicate, how we do things (ICS and all that) and what format our messages are going to be in. Communications is a support function.
     Our county EOC and our comm group have a great relationship. That is due to the fact we came in asking how to help, not telling them how. Works much better that way.  I realize these comments will not sit well with some folks, but there it is.  Now, that felt better. - Luis Martinez, KD7GMK, Casa Grande, Arizona

 

WHICH MODE IS...GOOD, BETTER, or BEST?

     First of all Luis, your check to help keep EMCOMM.ORG and EMCOMM MONTHLY alive was received.  Thank you!

     Your observations, concerns, questions and comments are valid and deserve a serious reply.  I'm sure there are many others who have had similar questions but were reluctant to ask.  I'll do my best to provide some answers.  Here goes:

     For the first 50 years, amateur radio (almost exclusively lead by the ARRL and its journal QST), focused on two things:

     1) How to build your own radio gear. 

     2) Traffic nets and handling. (That's why it's called the American Radio Relay League.)

As far as I am concerned, the ARRL would do well to focus more on those two topics.  We all know that times have changed, but as one old Nevada farmer once said:  "All progress is change...but not all change is progress."

     Early radio dispatching for law enforcement consisted of one-way AM "police broadcasts" on frequencies just above the medium-wave broadcast band.  Two-way radio wasn't available until VHF (first AM, later FM) became widely available.  During local disasters ham radio operators were often the only source for local two-way tactical EmComm done mostly on the 10 meter and 11 meter (now CB) bands.  Mobile units could pull over, park, and tilt their 1/4 wave whip antennas to horizontal and obtain NVIS.  VHF and UHF radios were hard to build and commercial models were out of the price range of most hams.  Repeaters (again first AM, later FM) did not really become widely used until the sixties and seventies.

     Today, almost all law enforcement, fire service, and EMS radio communications are short-range, VHF or UHF FM, data, telemetry or digital tactical traffic.  Public service agencies have sophisticated and dependable systems staffed with professional dispatchers.  Also, landline circuits are very reliable, and seldom (if ever), are public service officials confronted with a system failure.  Rarely is there a need for long-range radio communications.  Further, an increasing number of government and private agencies now have satellite or other microwave systems.  Of course, these systems can and have failed, but these events are usually of relatively short duration.   If, and when, amateurs are called upon to provide EmComm for public service agencies, it is typically for short-range, VHF/UHF, voice communications and for a relatively short duration.  

     I agree that most public agencies are not "waiting for us hams to arrive".  Truth be known, many public officials would just as soon never see any volunteers.  Others give lip service...and tolerate "those damn hams".  Part of the reason for this attitude is because of those that show up as you say "with half a dozen HT's hanging from their belt", take matters into their own hands, and proceed to get on a repeater and broadcast non-essential (and sometimes harmful) information.  One of these lids can, in a few minutes, undo ten years of good rapport that others have worked hard to achieve!

     Another problem is that most hams do not know what amateur radio EmComm really is all about.  Worse yet, those that do understand (yes...from the top down), have not well presented what amateur radio EmComm is (or should be), and what trained operators could really do if properly trained and coordinated.

     EM's primary mission is to promote and develop a resource pool of amateur radio operators, working in teams capable of providing quality emergency communications to both the general public (Part 97.1); as well as the "served agencies" during incidents where normal communications have failed or circuits are overloaded.  And if necessary over an extended period of time and a wide-spread area or region.

     If EM has implied that one mode is more valuable than another....then I apologize.   We maintain, that for emergency communications, ALL modes have value and an appropriate use.  There may be some overlap, but there never should be counter-productive competition between modes.  Or worse yet, "head butting" between EmComm operators who have a favorite or "pet" mode.  Every mode, whether it is FM, SSB, CW, digital/keyboard, SSTV or ATV, has at least one advantage over another.  It is up to EmComm leaders to develop plans and build teams that utilize any and all modes, and identify and utilize the talents and operator skills of each volunteer while allowing them to participate in a way that contributes to the over-all effort.

     Since everybody learns to talk early in life, voice communications will continue to be the primary mode for EmComm (at least for tactical traffic) for many years to come.  Sadly, just because a person can talk, does not necessarily mean that they can communicate!   (That subject is scheduled for a column in the next EM.)

     The comment you reference regarding CW, was in the context of an Airborne Auxiliary Rapidly Deployed Volunteer Amateur Radio Communication Team or  "AARDVARCT".  Using the recent earthquake/tsunami catastrophe in the eleven South Asia countries in the Bay of Bengal region (over 2.5 million sq. mi.) as an example,  CW traffic nets were of key importance.  Sending operators who cannot communicate in Morse on such a mission be a poor choice.

Why CW?  Here are a few reasons:

     1. The International Morse Code is as close to a universal language as you can get.  The native language of the operator and even message originator is not a factor.  QTH means "location" no matter where you are, and QTH? means "what is your location", in any language!  Of course, "Q signs" are not used within a message TEXT, but  are widely used to establish and maintain a net.  As long a RADIOGRAM is originated in a language that uses the English alphabet and Arabic numerals, a Morse operator whose language may be different, can send, relay, and receive traffic since every word is spelled out.(i)  Example: I know very little French, but I could handle a message in French and/or deliver it to a station anywhere.  Also an operator's "accent" is never a problem in CW.  Any translating could be done by the addressee.  (Of course as an amateur operator I would have to be assured by the originator that it was not a commercial message and that it did not contain any profanity, etc.)  It is true that the digital/keyboard modes have this same advantage (unlike voice); however if packet nodes, digipeaters, gateways, all the other hardware, plus specialized operators are not available...then those modes are useless.

     2.  CW is inexpensive, simple and can sent/received using the most rudimentary of equipment.  A QRPp transceiver, small enough to fit in your pocket, powered by a 9v. battery, using a NVIS antenna, and costing less than $10. can routinely cover a range out to 500 miles .  With a QRP rig, DX is even possible when using a low angle radiation antenna under favorable propagation conditions! (ii)

     3. It requires much less power, uses less bandwidth, and is understandable through heavy QRM.

     4. Everyone seems to be concerned about "security" and "privacy" these days.  Use Morse code.  (The one "code" that is legal on amateur frequencies)!  Very few eavesdroppers will be able to "copy"...including many hams!

     5. A person who is dumb and/or even deaf can operate CW.  And some of the best CW operators I know are blind.

     6. When "THE BIG ONE GOES DOWN"...and landline and Internet circuits go "ka-poot", and the voice sub-bands are monopolized with untrained and undisciplined "wanna-be emcomm operators", running full legal power or more (like the chaos on New Year's Eve 1999 and the days after Sept. 11, 2001); it is likely that messages handled by skilled disciplined Morse operators will be the only way that EmComm traffic can be delivered.

     7. Morse code can be sent without a radio or telegraph!  A blinking light, a horn or whistle, mirror, tapping on a wall or another person's body works!  Does anyone recall the American POW (I think it was the U.S.S. Pueblo incident) that winked out the word T-O-R-T-U-R-E for all the world to see while doing a forced T.V. interview?  A hundred years ago...the U.S. Army had an extensive HELIOGRAPH network in Arizona and New Mexico.(iii)  And there have even been systems designed for earth-to-space and space-to-earth communications using Heliographs and/or blinking lights.  I have heard that our astronauts must know Morse as at least 5 WPM.  I wonder why?

    If I tend to promote the use of International Morse more than other modes it is because I believe it is in decline and that it is at risk for being forever lost.  The U.S. Armed Services has essentially abandoned it, as has MARS, the Boy Scouts, many governments and national amateur radio societies.  CW operators belong on the endangered species list and skilled Morse traffic handlers are almost extinct!  As far as emergency communications are concerned, it is analogous to throwing the life jackets overboard to lighten the load.  If us hams don't keep CW/Morse alive...it will be lost forever in the Sea of Technology.

    Anyway...that is reason enough (I say) that every ARCT should have a sufficient number of operators (if not all) that can communicate via Morse/CW.

This may surprise you, but when I am asked if I think that Morse should be a requirement for an amateur radio license I say: "NO".  But then I quickly say: "But it should be a requirement for a high school diploma!"  And lest anyone think that Morse came easy to me...think again!  I still struggle with it.  But since someone's life (or my own) might depend upon me knowing it...I will continue to try to work towards improving my CW proficiency.  And (if anyone is interested), I have never worked as a military, naval, or commercial radio operator.  Nor have I ever been employed in the electronics industry.  I truly "only an amateur"!

     In addition to the reasons provided above, the main reason I will continue to promote the development of all radio operator communication skills, (including Morse) within the pages of EM; is  (to put it bluntly): the vast majority of the hams, that know and have used these skills...in the finest tradition of the radio operator...are rapidly becoming silent keys.  (Read a similar Q and A on this subject at: http://www.emcomm.org/svares/archives/number173.htm

 

WHAT MESSAGE FORM IS GOOD, BETTER, or BEST?

      Now I'll address the message form issue.  This subject was discussed in depth in ECWB #208 (27 April 04).  Readers who missed it, or would like to review it, read: "YES VIRGINIA...THERE IS STILL A NEED FOR RADIOGRAMS!" at: http://www.emcomm.org/svares/archives/number208.htm  (I just re-read the article and it is dog-gone good...even if I do say so myself!)  Anyway, here we go again:

      As mentioned above, ALL radio amateurs once knew CW.  And I'll bet that 50 years ago 90% also knew how to handle message traffic.   Call me a radical if you want; but as far as I am concerned, formal message traffic handling this is where "the rubber meets the road" in amateur radio EmComm.    It is a service that we (now almost exclusively) can offer the general public and the "served agencies".

     A RADIOGRAM is not a form.  It is, rather, a format.  A universal format.  In my telegram/radiogram collection I have messages dating back nearly 100 years.  They all follow the same basic format.  An experienced operator does not need a special form because the format is indelibly inscribed in his or her brain!  I normally use a plain lined yellow legal pad to receive traffic.   (For final delivery, I like to type it on a RADIOGRAM form and place it in a window envelope.)

     This format it is not unique to amateur radio. Contrary to what many think it is not an ARRL / NTS method of handling message traffic.  The RADIOGRAM format is the direct descendant from the Western Union telegram, world-wide cablegrams, commercial maritime and aeronautical radiograms, and is used by military and naval services around the world.  It has outlasted many federal administrations.  It served well through two world wars.  In the U.S. it has survived "Civil Defense", the "Office of Emergency Preparedness" (OEP), the "Federal Disaster Assistance Administration" (FDAA),  and will probably outlast the "Federal Emergency Management Agency" (FEMA), the Department of Homeland Security" (DHS), and whatever else is next.  Who knows?  It may even be the known someday as the INTERGALACTIC SPACEGRAM!

    The reason it has lasted so long is because no one has been able to develop a simpler, more reliable, and accurate method of handling message traffic when it must be relayed through multiple stations.  Often under adverse conditions and sometimes changing mode along the way.  RADIOGRAMS are like lead pencils...as long as there is some intelligence on one end....they always work!  They may not always be the fastest (but often they are). (iv)  But when all else fails...they will get a message delivered.

    The RADIOGRAM format serves a specific purpose.  To expedite message traffic through multiple stations (possibly changing modes along the way) without error while providing a method of tracking a message forward or backward.

    Think of it like this:  When you or I mail a letter, we format an envelope with our return address in the upper left hand corner and a complete name and address of the recipient in the lower right quadrant.  This is not our format, but it is an international standardized format.  (Try reversing the two sometime and see what happens.)  We then take it to the post office and designate a precedence.  (EXPRESS, PRIORITY, FIRST CLASS, BOOK RATE, etc.)  We then can send the letter via certified or registered mail.  We also can request delivery confirmation or return receipt requested (handling instructions).  These services are all done on U.S.P.S. forms...not ours!

    On the other hand, "SPEED MEMO" type forms (e.g. the ICS 213) work well for intra-office or even inter-agency messages; they were not designed, nor intended for, relaying radio message traffic that may need to pass though multiple stations .  Part of the problem is, as amateur radio EmComm leaders, we have not "presented the case"  for the lowly RADIOGRAM to emergency management and other officials.  In fact, most amateurs (even many who profess to be EmComm operators) do not realize its importance. 

     I agree that it is too late to attempt to "change message format in the middle of an emergency, just because that's what the ham operator wants to use."  The time to learn, practice and promote the purpose and use of the RADIOGRAM format is ongoing and long before an incident occurs!

     This all boils down to education and good public relations.  We must present our case to public officials.  They are not (usually) going to come to us.  Hams like to show off all their fancy hardware...(or ask for $$$ to buy more), but they never seem to do much to promote or demonstrate their training and/or ability to handle message traffic.

     It is not a question of: "us telling them how to do their job".  I would never attempt to tell a law enforcement officer or a fire fighter how to do their job.  Nor, would I want them to tell me how to practice my profession (Registered Nurse), if one of them were to wind up in an emergency room.  As EmComm operators we are specialized service providers, and as with most service providers the "customer" is required to fill out some form and/or comply with some basic guidelines.  Would any of us go to a medical laboratory for testing and expect them allow us to use our own form or tell them how to provide the needed tests?  Surely, we are service providers.  (And "we do it for free!")   When a private citizen or an agency official has a message they want sent and delivered.  We can do it best using our hardware, methods and networks.  Period.

     Maybe this will help:  When ship's captain, or a lowly passenger, wants to send a message to another ship or to someone onshore they write out the message.  It is then given to the ship's Radio Officer who formats it and transmits it, according to international convention.  Just imagine if the Captain were to say:  "We use our own form/format"!  Or, what would happen if each ship, or shipping company, or fleet were to have "its own" message format?  The point is, in radio traffic (as in many other things), standardization is essential.  (That is, if we want the system to work.)

     One of the problems with packet radio is that hams have not yet been able to agree upon a common (standardized) packet program...and therefore the effectiveness of the mode is compromised.  (NOTE: The RADIOGRAM format is the same for packet as for any other mode.  Once people start trying invent their own format...they might as well "pack-it up"!)

     Anyone is welcome to hand a message it to a traffic operator or "counter person" (v) on any form they wish...including plain paper.  As long as the message has a name, address, and telephone number (if known), a message text, and a signature.  Plus (if desired) a reply request, other handling instructions, AND A PRECEDENCE.  We will do the rest.   It will be properly formatted and sent.  That's OUR job!  

    Please forgive one more personal anecdote.  Recently, the original foam padded sun visors on my 20 year old Land Cruiser had finally deteriorated beyond repair and  OEM replacement parts were no longer available.  I took one of the visors to Bill's Auto Upholstery in Klamath Falls, Oregon and asked what he would recommend.  Three days later I picked up two new fabricated visors...beautifully crafted...and better than the original visors!  Bill (the service provider in this example) knows how to do upholstery work and it was to my advantage to trust his knowledge, skill, expertise and judgment!

    Well, there you have it.   I doubt that what I have said will put these issues to rest "once and for all", but I hope it has helped. -- D. W. Thorne, K6SOJ, EM Publisher

 

THE "BOTTOM LINE"  IS THIS:  "LEADERSHIP + PLANNING + TRAINING + TESTS and DRILLS = EFFECTIVE EMCOMM PREPAREDNESS"

 

(i)   There are Morse characters for non-English letters, special symbols, and who knows what else...but that is beyond my skill level and will not be addressed here!

(ii)   http://www.qrpp-i.com/pixie2.htm

(iii)  http://myweb.cableone.net/kd7aoi/map.htm

(iv)  In January 1921 a few radio pioneers conducted transcontinental message radio relay tests.  (Morse...of course).  Over a four night period, Hiram Percy Maxim, 1AW, in Connecticut, sent several messages to V.M. Bitz, 6JD, in California.  The traffic was relayed by three stations along the way including 9ZN in Chicago.  (The “ZN” in 9ZN, later evolved into “Zenith”... the Zenith Radio Company).  On the final night, the third message, (Message C) was sent: “6JD WHAT TIME DID YOU START MESSAGE MAXIM”.  The reply: “1AW STARTED YOUR MESSAGE AT 1:10 AM 6JD”.  It had made the round trip in six and one-half minutes, a new record!  Amateur radio was now the fastest channel of public communications.

     Many radio historians know about this record setting message.  What is not commonly known is the content of the final two messages. Message “D” on the final night of the tests...“From 1AW to 6JD: How does California regard prohibition? (Signed) Maxim.”  The reply: “To Mr. Maxim: California is supposed to be dry but it is very wet here now.  It has been raining all day! (Signed) V.M. Bitz.”  And then, the final exchange: “To 6JD: This makes radio history.  What think, OM? (Signed) Maxim.”   The reply: “To Mr. Maxim: Yes, it will let the East know that there are a few amateurs in the West!  (Signed) 6JD.”  Just how long did this much longer exchange take to make the round trip? Only 7 and 3/4 minutes!
(Adapted from the 1936 classic: “TWO HUNDRED METERS AND DOWN, The Story of Amateur Radio”, by Clinton B. DeSoto.  (Available from ARRL.)

(v)  The COUNTER PERSON:  See October 2004 EM http://www.emcomm.org/em/october2004.htm

 

THE EM ADVISOR

 

Dear EM,

     "We used to include 146.52 in our scanners and monitor it regularly, but some guy in Shingletown with a big beam antenna, likes to on that  frequency and have long conversations with his girl friend.   That means the scan stopped there, of course.   Can anything be done about folks who hog that particular frequency?   It should be open  for folks on the  road, especially in winter. - Vicki Riley, KF6OAH, AEC Trinity County, California

 

EM Replies:

    Well Vicky, sad to say, but rude and inconsiderate operators have been around since the early days of radio.  Although 146.52 MHz is the designated NATIONAL CALLING FREQUENCY for 2 Meters, it is only so by custom and convention.  It is not written into the FCC rules. (Not that that would make any difference.)  Calling frequencies are intended for monitoring purposes, calling for assistance, or calling another station and then moving to another mutually agreed upon frequency.  How calling frequencies are actually used by radio amateurs is solely dependent upon the "honor system".

Unfortunately abuse of the voluntary system is a common problem.  Below are a few suggestions that might help:

 

1. Contact the offending operator(s) by letter or phone, and explain to him/her that 146.52 is a national calling frequency and ask them politely to use the another simplex frequency.  Better yet, they should by using the telephone for personal business!   (If the two stations are close enough for VHF simplex there shouldn't be any tolls.  However, to suggest this to these "audio exhibitionists" probably would only infuriate them and exacerbate the problem.)

 

2. Ask an OO (if you have one within range) to monitor their QSOs, or you could tape record the conversations for violations of FCC Part 97.  Most inconsiderate operators don't worry about being legal operators.  Send the tape to one of your section OO's for evaluation and possible action.

 

3. A few years ago 146.52 became a "ragchew" channel in my own county.  When the offending stations were asked to move elsewhere some said that they were using crystal control radios and couldn't change frequency (yeah, right); or that they didn't know how to re-program their newer synthesized radios!  Other only increased their abusive behavior.

 

4.  Finally, we gave up and just let them have it.  146.55 MHz was then designated for ARES in our county.  There were discussions about posting signs along the major highways stating: "ARES Monitors 146.55 MHz".  The state highway dept. (at least in California) may provide signs... IF your local group agrees to periodically pick up litter for a stretch of highway.  Or, you could provide your own signs on public or private property (with proper permission).

 

ICS PERSPECTIVES - by Jerry Boyd, N7WR

(National Incident Management System (NIMS) Basic Introduction Course (IS 700):  http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/is700.asp)

 

     This month’s column does not deal directly with ICS.  Rather, it deals with the EMCOMM MONTHLY itself and says what I believe needs to be said but won’t be by the Editor/Publisher.  It’s not his style.

     Based upon reader feedback, EM is the premier journal for those of us involved in amateur RADIO emergency communications.  As many readers have written, this monthly bulletin contains more substantive information about our aspect of amateur radio than all of the other ham magazines combined.  That is not to say that public service columns in other publications are without merit.  What I am saying is that EMCOMM MONTHLY goes into the specifics of how to improve the services we provide much more than the other print magazines.

     I’ve known K6SOJ for many years.  He is not one to toot his own horn.  Quite the contrary, he has been a leader and innovator in emergency communications

because of a sincere belief in its importance.  Many of us are in the EmComm business out of sheer dedication and commitment…..but most of us don’t devote dozens and dozens of hours each month to producing a journal such as this.

     Dave would never ask in any forceful way for financial support for the work he puts into this publication.  But I will!  EM is, in my judgment, worth at least as much to me as any other ham radio publication I receive on a monthly basis (and I subscribe to most of them).  The average amount that I pay per month for the other publications is $3.92.  I am not suggesting that any of us pay that amount for this bulletin, though if you are so inclined, have at it.  But here is what I do suggest.  Get out your checkbook NOW and write a check to EMCOMM MONTHLY for $12.00.  That is, in my opinion, a fair price to pay for one full year of the best EmComm coverage you can possibly find.

     Many of us have said how valuable this bulletin is to us.  I, for one, think it’s time to put a small amount of money where our mouths are.

 

PUBLISHER'S COMMENT:  EMCOMM MONTHLY and EMCOMM.ORG are funded solely by the voluntary donations of EMCOMM operators who are concerned about preserving the ability of amateur radio operators to be prepared to provide skilled, accurate and efficient emergency communications during times of disaster or other events where normal channels of communication may be interrupted or overloaded.  EMCOMM.ORG  is advertisement and “pop up" free.  If you have benefited from our efforts, and would like to support this work in a tangible way; you may do so by sending a check or money order payable to: EMCOMM.

Mail to: EMCOMM, PO Box 99, Macdoel, CA  96058. -- Your donation is an outright gift and is NOT tax-deductible.

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FEATURE ARTICLE

NOTE: This article includes three illustrations.  If for some reason your computer doesn't accept them they may be viewed at: www.emcomm.org/cavecomm

 

The December 2004 issue of EM  http://www.emcomm.org/em/december2004.htm  featured an article on UNDERGROUND EMCOMM.

This month we proudly present:

 

"It's not RADIO, it's not INDUCTION, it's not a TWISTED PAIR.  So...WHAT IS IT ???"

More about UNDERGROUND EMCOMM -- by Don Cantrell, ND6T

 

 

 

 

     For underground communications, radio may not be the answer. The rock and earth surrounding caves, tunnels, and drifts act as a very effective shield restricting even low frequency radiation to a few hundred feet. I would suggest that we take advantage of a technique commonly used by geophysical surveyors called "field conduction".

     Instead of trying to transmit radio signals or magnetic fields through the ground we simply treat the area as a huge tapped resistor and send an audio frequency AC signal through it. On the surface over the cave two ground rods are driven in line with the cave and a considerable distance apart. A small diameter wire is then strung between them and an audio transceiver is connected. Down in the cave the rescuer strings another wire connecting contacts to the earth there through a pocket-sized audio transceiver.

     To envision how this works, let's try a simplified example of field conduction. Solder together a handful of resistors as shown in the diagram. These can all be the same value in order to simplify the calculation but in the real world there will be some variation. Connect a battery as shown and, when you connect a voltmeter as in the diagram, you will read a voltage. Sure, smaller than the battery voltage, but a definite reasonable voltage. If you connect an audio generator in place of the battery then you could replace that voltmeter with a pair of headphones and hear the generated tone.

 

     For a more accurate representation you could use a pickup load of resistors and make a bigger array on the floor somewhere. Attach the audio generator just about anywhere and you should be able to hear that tone across just about any resistor. Since this is only 2-dimensional, a more accurate representation yet could be obtained by using a truckload of resistors in a big 3-dimensional grid. Same results.

     You would find that best results would be obtained by connecting the transmitter (generator) and receiver (headphones) across as many resistors as practical. Likewise, placing the surface electrodes far apart will allow the underground station's electrodes to be relatively close together and still get a useable signal. Analysis seems to show that a spacing of the surface electrodes at twice the depth (distance to the underground receiver) is the optimum spacing.

     Perhaps the largest source of interference to such an arrangement is the 60 Hz. power transmission lines in the area. Not only do they produce 60 Hz. hum but also harmonic interference at multiples of 60 Hz. throughout the audio spectrum. To diminish this interference we could utilize sharp active filters on receive and stable tone oscillators as CW transmitters. Receiver design becomes trivial by using inexpensive operational amplifiers. Their amazing gain and low noise, combined with minuscule power drain make them the ideal tool. Filter bandwidth is only constrained by the code speed. With that much selectivity sub-microvolt sensitivity should be possible.

     Past experiments have shown that range in the order of miles (rather than hundreds of feet) should be possible. Moreover, equipment prices should be very minor. Surface equipment would not be power constrained, high power audio amplifiers are common and cheap. Going to an extreme, one might even modify a kilowatt inverter for 800 Hz.! Simultaneous cave communication and earthworm harvesting.

     For caves with unknown topology I would suggest two surface runs crossing at right angles to each other. The portable cave unit would simply by a hundred feet (or so) of hookup wire with alligator clips. The electrodes would be a few feet of aluminum foil which would fold into small squares to fit in a pocket for transport but could be stuffed into a crevice, buried in a little dirt, held in contact to the floor with a rock or two, or even sat upon. The portable transceiver could operate from a pack of penlight batteries and still be able to transmit with several watts of power.

     Even though this cannot be considered radio, no license is required, we amateur radio operators would still provide a key service in a subterranean rescue: Who else is code proficient?

 

 

 

 

 

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NETWORK NEWS

Schedules and updates on regional, national, and international EMCOMM and TRAFFIC nets.

NETWORK NEWS N is not intended to duplicate other resources such as:
ARRL Net Directory:  (ISBN: 0-87259-835-7) #8357 $5.00
ARRL Net Search: www.arrl.org/FandES/field/nets/client/update.html
EMCOMM.ORG NET DIRECTORY PAGE:  www.emcomm.org/netdirectory/
 
RADIO WATCH • MONITOR • CALLING • TRAFFIC • EMCOMM • GUARD
• REGIONAL SSB 7232 kHz DAYTIME / 3987 kHz NIGHTTIME

• REGIONAL CW  7111 kHz DAYTIME / 3711 kHz NIGHTTIME
• ALASKA WATCH - 3540 / 7042 kHz / 14.050 MHz
• NEVADA ARES® MONITOR/CALLING SSB:  3965 ± kHz SSB
• NATIONAL RADIO EMERGENCY NETWORK: 7068 / 10122 / 14050 kHz •
• WEST COAST NET (WCN) Slow Speed Traffic/Training Daily 1900 Pacific 3702 kHz
• IMRA TRAFFIC NET (INTERNATIONAL MISSION RADIO ASSOCIATION)
  14.280 MHz USB M-F 1800Z (summer) 1900Z (winter)
• ARES® 146.55 MHz
• ARES®/Red Cross 147.42 MHz
• NATIONAL CALLING (and Wilderness Protocol) 146.52 MHz 
• WILDERNESS PROTOCOL (ref. June 1996 QST, page 85).
Primary frequency: 146.52 MHz (FM simplex). Secondary frequencies: 446.0, 223.5, 52.525
and 1294.5 MHz.  All stations (both fixed, portable or mobile) monitor the primary (and
secondary if possible) frequency(s) every three hours starting at 7:00 am local time, for five
minutes (7:00-7:05 AM, 10:00-10:05 AM, etc.)  Additionally, stations that have sufficient
power resources monitor for five minutes starting at the top of every hour, or continuously."
 
WINCOM NETWORK - 1st and 3rd Wednesdays 1930 Pacific Time  on 3987 kHz (down). 
     WINCOM is for EmComm stations in  Washington, Idaho, Nevada, California, Oregon,
Montana and anywhere else within range.  Scheduled nets are on the  1st and 3rd Wednesdays

at 1930 Pacific Time  on 3987 kHz (down). 

     The WINCOM NETWORK may be activated during disasters, communications system
failures, and other emergency incidents as a regional  SSB network for tactical and/or formal
EMCOMM traffic.  WINCOM is not intended to replace local or section ARES® or RACES nets,
but rather to supplement and provide regional support by skilled operators who know each
other and work together on a regular basis.
     EMCOMM stations are encouraged to monitor and/or use these frequencies for routine
calling and for a RADIO WATCH during actual or potential incidents.  (During actual events
move message traffic at least 5 kHz up or down.)
Nighttime: 3987 kHz (down) 1982 kHz (down) alternate).  Daytime: 7232 kHz (up)
NOTE: These frequencies may be in use for other scheduled state or regional nets.
Always yield for scheduled nets.  E.g. - JNN is daily at 1200 Pacific on 7232 kHz SSB.  

 

REGIONAL EMCOMM NET LIST AVAILABLE

EM maintains a roster of REGIONAL EMCOMM NETS.  These are active ARES and other EMCOMM nets (RACES and club nets are not listed).  It lists VHF and HF  local, district, state and regional nets in Washington, California, Oregon, Nevada, and Alaska.  For a current copy of the list contact: k6soj@arrl.net

 EMCOMM TRAFFIC

“For want of a letter, a word was lost.
 For want of a word, the message was lost.
 For want of a message, a life was lost.”

 

THE “TRAFFIC HANDLER’S MANTRA”  (Recite to help remember the eight parts in preamble):
“No • Prepared • Ham • Should • Copy • Priority • Traffic • Delayed”
“No • Prepared • Ham • Should • Copy • Priority • Traffic • Delayed”
“No • Prepared • Ham • Should • Copy • Priority • Traffic • Delayed”
(NUMBER-PRECEDENCE-HX-STATION OF ORIGIN-CHECK-PLACE OF ORIGIN-TIME-DATE)

 

RETRO REVIEW  - “EMCOMM viewed through the Retrospect-O-Scope”

FROM EM Number Three August 2004:

 

Q:  “I am told that I should check into ARES® nets as “often as possible”.   Why should I check into a net when I don’t have any traffic?”

A:  1.  It just may be that there is actually some traffic for your area.
     2.  It is possible that you may be needed as a relay.
     3.  It will prevent you from missing an important announcement.
     4.  It promotes the team concept and helps make a network more effective.
     5.  It shows others that you care.
     6.  It gives knowledge of current band conditions.
     7.  It provides a regular radio and antenna check.
     8.  It will help keep your net operating discipline and skills in proper tune.
     9.  It demonstrates your commitment to “service to the public”.
   10.  It is rewarding ...and enjoyable.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
“Recognition and enhancement of the amateur service to the public as a voluntary non-commercial communications service,

particularly with respect to providing emergency communications”. - FCC Part 97.1(a)
=========================================================================

 

QSH !   EM’s Quiz, Survey, and [attempt at] Humor Section...

 

American Greetings from the Department of Homelife Security:  http://tinyurl.com/4yx2z   (Be sure your sound is on...if you have it.)

Caveat: The editorial staff of EM assume NO responsibility whatsoever for the opinions and advice offered by the Department of Homelife Security.

AND...In the spirit of gender neutral political correctness...we offer this link: http://www.emcomm.org/em/country_tech.htm

 

TAKE EM's MARCH SURVEY...And Win a Valuable Prize!

(Winner will be given a choice of prize.)

 

YOUR RADIO SHACK ...Where is your home base station located?

Go to: http://www.emcomm.org/em/survey/march.htm and select the answer that best describes where your main radio "shack" is located.

 

Attic

Barn

Basement

Bedroom

Closet

Den

Garage

Kitchen

Porch

RV

Shed/outbuilding

Spare room

Tree house

Workshop

Other (describe)

 

All entries will be entered into a random drawing. Deadline March 31, 2005.  Prize winner will be announced in the April issue of EM.

=======================================================================================================

EMCOMM SPECIALTY PRODUCTS

 

EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS  “License Plate”:

-----------O-------------------------------------------------O----------
           EMERGENCY
 COMMUNICATIONS
-----------O-------------------------------------------------O-----------
•  View this item at:  http://www.emcomm.org/products/
•  Raised  BLACK letters on WHITE background
•  Durable Metal
•  6” x 12” with usual holes for mounting
•  Mount on vehicle
•  Place on visor or  in window

•  Space to "customize" with your county or city's name, or your call sign using one inch vinyl letters

   (available at hardware stores)
•  Use at fixed or field EMCOMM stations
•  MADE IN U.S.A!
•  $10.00 each or two for $18.00  [Postpaid to one address includes all applicable taxes]

Send check or money order and shipping address to:
       EMCOMM
       P O Box 99
       Macdoel, CA  96058
• Allow 2 weeks for delivery

 

TRAFFIC HANDLERS SUPPLIES:
  

RADIOGRAM   RUBBER STAMP
• Use on plain paper
• Use on front of envelope
• 3/4” x 3” wood handle stamp
   Order: WRGS -  Wood handle (traditional) rubber stamp $10.00 each postpaid
   ($8.00 if ordered with Message Service Cross stamp (below)
• Send check or money order to:
       EMCOMM
       P O Box 99
       Macdoel, CA  96058
• Please allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery

• View this item (in use) at:  http://www.emcomm.org/products/

 

"MESSAGE SERVICE CROSS"   RUBBER STAMP
• Makes the “record” part of record message traffic handling easy and efficient.
• Use on any message form or on plain paper.
• A message received and forwarded should be stamped twice (L lower / R lower).
• Check TOR (Time Received) or TOD (Time Delivered / Forwarded).
• Available in two styles:
     Order: SIRS   -  Self inking rubber stamp - $15.00 each postpaid.
     Order: WHRS -  Wood handle (traditional) rubber stamp - $12.00 each postpaid.
• Order yours today!
• Specify style, quantity, and shipping address, and send check or money order to:
       EMCOMM
       P O Box 99
       Macdoel, CA  96058
• Please allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery

• View this item (in use) at:  http://www.emcomm.org/products/

 

NEW SUBSCRIBERS

• Dick Elliott, W9FPJ, Kokomo, Indiana - ARES®, RACES, SKYWARN, EMA

• Ryan Duncan, KI4CSM, Lawrenceville, Georgia - Gwinnett County ARES®
• Randolph Sly, W4RSA, Sterling, Virginia - ARES®, RACES, SKYWARN

• Jeff Beals, WA4AW, West Palm Beach, Florida - ARRL Section Emergency Coordinator SFL Section
• Darrell Lingenfield, III, N3QBI, St. Thomas, Pennsylvania - Franklin County RACES, Cumberland Valley ARC EC

• Chris Teague, WB8YPO, Brookings, Oregon - Curry County ARES, District 5 Area Coordinator for Army MARS
• Carter Craigie, N3AO, Paoli, Pennsylvania - EC Chester County ARES® 
• Bob Cluster, KC7GTQ, Lake Shastina, California - ARES®, RACES, SKYWARN, RED CROSS

• Richard Babow, K6KFS, Tucson, Arizona - SKYWARN
• Forbes Purcell, VE6FMP, Grimshaw, Alberta - ARES® EC

• Mike Gee, WB6JGW, Grants Pass, Oregon - ARES® AEC, Jackson County

• Terry Devine, KF4ZMN, Mooresville, North Carolina - ARES®, American Red Cross
• Evans Mitchell, KD4EFM, Lakeland, Florida -  Polk County ARES® EC and Polk County Emergency Management Volunteer, USAF MARS

• Marty Woll, N6VI, Chatsworth, California

 

RECENT CONTRIBUTORS  -...- Thank you for your support!

• Jerry Boyd, N7WR - Baker City, Oregon

• Luis Martinez, KD7GMK - Casa Grande, Arizona

 

SOS - SUPPORT OUR SUPPORTERS
When contacting these fine vendors... tell them EMCOMM MONTHLY sent you!

 

Books, etc.
Jack (AC6FU) and Margaret (KE7AWA) Ruckman, Owners
  www.hamradiobooks.com
  ac6fu@arrl.net
  (775) 577-2639
  P.O. Box 309
  Silver Springs, NV 89429
(Amateur Radio Books, ARRL patches, decals and other supplies)

 

EmComm-Products LLC
  Robin (N7GSU) and Kathy (KD7OTY) Faulkner

 www.emcomm-products.com/index.html
  (775) 521-6153
  (775) 307-7101 (Fax)
  PO Box 383
  703 Sixth Street
  Fossil, OR 97830-0383
(Manufacturer of the RADS 9-11 Rapid Antenna Deployment System)
 
Q. R. Zed Engraving
  Gordon Yee, KI6UH
  www.qrzed.8k.com
  (415) 467-2235
  P.O. Box 651
  Brisbane, CA  94005
(Name badges, desk plates, signs, and more.  Custom work.)
 
The Wireless Store
Manufacturer Distributor Niljon Antennas
  Jerry Gosnell, Owner
  1599 Faye Road
  Akron, Ohio  44306-4115
  (330) 701-9280  Toll free: 1 (877) 751-8125
  http://www.niljon.com/      
  Authorized Dealer:   WiFi-PLUS, Inc.
  http://www.wifi-plus.com/    
 
REFERENCE and RESOURCE SECTION
 
• ICS-ARCT GUIDE:  www.emcomm.org/ARCT/
• TRAFFIC HANDLER’S CHALLENGE:  www.emcomm.org (click bar on main page).
• TRAINING ARCHIVES: www.emcomm.org/svares/training/index.html
• PHONETICS: www.emcomm.org/svares/training/itu_phonetics_10_30_2001.htm
• NVIS PROPAGATION MAPS - http://www.w0ipl.com/ECom/NVIS/NVISprop.htm
• GEAR AND EQUIPMENT LIST: www.emcomm.org  (Click on GEAR LIST)
• ARRL FSD-218.  The famous “pink card” that contains (almost) “everything you ever needed
to know about RADIOGRAMS”.  An electronic version of the FSD-218 is available at:
http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/forms/#fsd-218
• NATIONAL TRAFFIC SYSTEM (NTS) Methods and Practices Guidelines:
http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/nts-mpg/
• NTS page by W7ARC: http://www.w7arc.com/nts/
• NATIONAL RADIO EMERGENCY NETWORK (NREN)
www.aa8vs.org/nren/  (or)  http://68.43.101.244:81/nren/
• PACIFIC AREA TRAFFIC NETS:  http://home.earthlink.net/~k7bfl/nwnets.html
• NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SKYWARN www.emcomm.org (click on NWS or links) or
Contact your EC or local SKYWARN coordinator for local net information.

• HOSPITAL DISASTER SUPPORT COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (HDSCS): http://members.aol.com/emcom4hosp/ 
• U. S. AIR FORCE Search and Rescue SURVIVAL MANUAL (AFM 64-5 Aug. 1969) -
Reference Charts - (Print and Save)
• GROUND-TO-AIR (close-in) VISUAL SIGNALS:
http://www.emcomm.org/drawings/Ground_to_Air_Signaling_mid.jpg
• GROUND-TO-AIR EMERGENCY CODE:
http://www.emcomm.org/drawings/Ground_to_Air_Emergency_Code_mid.jpg
• MIRROR (and other) SIGNALING:
http://www.emcomm.org/drawings/Mirror_Signaling_mid.jpg
 
SUBSCRIBE TO EMCOMM MONTHLY  www.emcomm.org/subscription.htm
 

ABOUT ADDRESS CHANGES:  Every month a varying number of EM are returned as "undeliverable addressee unknown" or "rejected due to containing possible objectionable material".  Our very limited all-volunteer staff does not have the time, energy, or desire to track down everyone who changes their email address and forget to notify us.  Also, if a subscriber installs a "spam filter" or a "parental control device" and neglects to tell the filter it that it's "OK to let  EM  pass through", we do not have time or patience to jump through secret hoops, or solve puzzles, to allow us to send email to you.

If you change your email address be sure to notify us at: k6soj@arrl.net ... that is, if you want to continue to receive EM.

EMCOMM MONTHLY and EMCOMMWEST BULLETIN  archives:  www.emcomm.org/svares/archives/
 
SEARCH FEATURE AT EMCOMM.ORG  www.emcomm.org 
 
EMCOMM MONTHLY and EMCOMM.ORG is private (non-government) volunteer organization funded solely by donations from EMCOMM operators who are concerned about preserving the ability of amateur radio operators to be prepared to provide skilled, accurate and efficient emergency communications during times of disaster or other events where normal channels of communication may be interrupted or overloaded.  EMCOMM.ORG is advertisment and “pop up" free.  If you have benefited from our efforts, and would like to support this work in a tangible way; you may do so by sending a check or money order payable to: EMCOMM.

Mail to: EMCOMM, PO Box 99, Macdoel, CA  96058. -- Your donation is an outright gift and is NOT tax-deductible.

The opinions expressed by individual contributors do not necessarily reflect the EM philosophy, the editorial position of EM or its staff.

 

ARES® and Amateur Radio Emergency Service® are registered  service marks of the

American Radio Relay League, Inc. and are used by permission."

For permission to reproduce material in EMCOMM MONTHLY
contact: D. W. Thorne at: k6soj@arrl.net or write:
EMCOMM MONTHLY, P.O. Box 99, Macdoel, CA  96058  U.S.A.

EMCOMM MONTHLY - Copyright (c) 2005 - All rights reserved.

 

STAFF:
D. W. Thorne, K6SOJ - Editor and Publisher
Bill Frazier, W7ARC - Associate Editor and Webmaster
Ed Trump, AL7N - Associate Editor and Alaska Correspondent
Jerry Boyd, N7WR - Associate Editor and ICS Advisor
John Moriarity, K6QQ - Associate Editor and Technical Advisor
Dave Nicholson, KB6PNT - Associate Editor and SAR Advisor
 

IN THE APRIL ISSUE OF EMCOMM MONTHLY :

VOICE EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS - DO's and DON'T's

Plus...NEWS... FEATURES... FEEDBACK.... QSH... and MORE!

∙∙∙ -∙-