----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Dedicated to Emergency Communications by RADIO
        EMCOMM  MONTHLY   
                       Official Journal of the World Radio Relay League
 
                                                                 
www.wrrl.org
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOL.  2 -- No. 10                 ONLINE: www.emcomm.org/em/                     March  2006
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
     
"Moving Ahead Now!   EMCOMM Can't Wait."

TABLE OF CONTENTS
The EM PHILOSOPHY
SHORT CIRCUITS -- (Brief items)
WRRL WINDS -- (WRRL Member News)
FEEDBACK,  MUSINGS... and SPURIOUS EMISSIONS
The EM ADVISOR -- (Q and A)
ICS
PERSPECTIVES
NETWORK NEWS -- "N.E.T.S."
WRRL WORKSHOP

RETRO REVIEW -- “THE WELL EQUIPPED AMATEUR STATION”
QSH
SHOW US YOUR SHACK
FEATURE ARTICLE

EMCOMM SPECIALTY ITEMS -- (Stuff for Sale)
NEW SUBSCRIBERS and CONTRIBUTORS
SUPPORT OUR SUPPORTERS
REFERENCE and RESOURCE SECTION
 
The EM PHILOSOPHY
 
This past month, television and Internet viewers have had the choice of two different "spec-tackles".  Most of us watched a little of each.  The Winter Olympics was mostly about the triumphs of a "bunch of amateurs".  The Senate hearings on Katrina were mostly about the failure(s) of a bunch of professionals.  Odd, isn't it?  The amateurs inspire us all.  The professionals...well...you decide if they inspire you.  One thing baffles us completely:  From "the top" (FEMA), right on down to the state and local level why wasn't the ICS followed?   Could it be that they never bothered to take an ICS/NIMS basic course?  ICS has been around about 20 years and the basics are easily learned in about a hour or two.  If we, the lowly amateurs, are required to know and practice ICS/NIMS, why are not the professionals required to know and practice ICS/NIMS?  Kinda' makes you wonder...doesn't it?.
 
We recently received a message questioning our requirement that all  WRRL ARCT TYPE I members also be members of the WRRL.
Reference:  http://www.wrrl.org/arct_program/requirements.asp   The concern was that the WRRL may be using that to enrich its coffers.
 
The short answer is:
"If you wanna' play in the game...you must first join the team!"  (Or at least some team.)
 
The long answer is:
First of all "resource typing" simply defines specific resources.  It does not mandate standards or requirements which are provided in other rules and regulations that may vary from agency to agency and from place to place.  Work is currently underway by FEMA/NIMS to establish minimum general requirements for many types of resources; but as far as communications is concerned we know of none that have been implemented to date.   At least not at the national level.  This is going to be a long slow process, and it involves politics, special interests, funding, not to mention the massive federal bureaucracy.   Meanwhile, while the 50 states and most national NGOs wait and watch, they are hesitant to make any concrete plans.  One mandate seems inevitable.  All responders will need to show evidence of satisfactory completion of some ICS training.  (Probably ICS-700.)

The ARCT resource typing system is public domain and is available to all bona fide emcomm groups to use whether they are "government" sponsored or a legitimate NGO (e.g. - the WRRL). 
 
As far as registering, certifying and deployment of ARCTS (as defined in NIMS draft documents, ref.  http://www.wrrl.org/arct_program/arct_table.asp ) is concerned, the WRRL has taken a proactive stance.  It is apparently the only (inter) national communications NGO that has taken the bold step of forming and registering
ARCT TYPE I teams now, and is setting up a national dispatch center for TYPE I ARCTS.
 
WRRL has established reasonable and minimal requirements for all TYPE I ARCTs that it will certify and deploy.  One of these requirements is to join the WRRL.  However, if $5.00 per year (100% of which goes to support emcomm), is a hardship for any qualified operator who has met the other requirements and has been accepted into a viable TYPE I ARCT...WRRL will waive the annual dues.
 
Further, there is nothing that says that government emcomm units and other NGOs cannot implement the ARCT Resource Typing System.  In fact, we hope that many will do just that.  But as far as standards and requirements are concerned, they must set their own standards until such time that they are mandated by FEMA/NIMS.
Under the ARCT Resource Typing System, a one operator mobile or portable station is a TYPE IV ARCT, no matter what organization is coordinating them. 
 
HAVE ARCT, WILL TRAVEL
WIRE GOMBERG - SAN FRANCISCO
We are pleased to announce that the FIRST IN THE NATION, ARCT TYPE I - SAN FRANCISCO has been approved.  Several other ARCTS are currently in the application and/or certification process.  An ARCT may be city based, state based, or even multi-state based.  Who (and where) will be next?  Seattle?  New York?  Miami?  Utah?  Texas?  Honolulu?  Arizona?  New Orleans?  Denver? Your area?  -- (Ref: ICS PERSPECTIVES further down)


BUT..."WHAT ABOUT ME"?

We also receive letters bemoaning the lack of interest or leadership by local "club" or other amateur radio groups and organizations. 
Some have reported situations that sound pretty hopeless.  One correspondent expressed his frustration by saying: "Our local ARES/RACES group just can't seem to get going and just putter around and get nothing done.  They do not even want to send a test message at weekly net time. Too many old fuddy-duddies in a clique that cannot be broken. They only want to sit around and drink coffee and play SET once a year doing nothing." 

 

Unfortunately this is often "the norm".  Serious hams who are dedicated to preserve what is left of traditional amateur radio are getting fewer in number every day.  At least as far as teamwork is concerned.  And leaders who are capable of motivating others...belong on an endangered species list.  Sadly, volunteerism in general, is in decline.  Some people say:  "What?  Me help?  That what I pay taxes for!"   Others when asked to volunteer to do something may say: "Sure.  How much does it pay?!"  Or, "What's in it for me?"  Many have asked what they can do since "no one around here" seems to be interested in doing anything productive.

 

Here are few things that you as an individual emcomm operator can do:

(All WRRL members sign a pledge to do this)

 

1. Maintain your station in good operating condition and have an emergency power backup system.

2. Use only ITU phonetics and practice proper communication procedures...100% of the time! 
    Ref:  http://www.emcomm.org/svares/training/itu_phonetics_10_30_2001.htm

3. Know and use proper message handling procedures (universal RADIOGRAM).  If you don't know how start LEARNING HOW TODAY!   Order our message traffic handling DVD.  No more excuses about how your local group isn't interested and/or won't provide training!   And then PRACTICE often.  Get active in at least one emcomm traffic net.  At least there will then be at least one station in your in your town or county capable of handling traffic during an emergency.

4. Maintain a radio watch at your station as much as possible.  (See N.E.T.S. below.)

5. Upgrade to at least "general class".  And if they drop the Morse language as a requirement...LEARN IT ANYWAY!

 

Read (or re-read) THE “WELL EQUIPPED AMATEUR STATION” in RETRO REVIEW this month.
--
SHORT CIRCUITS

NOW AVAILABLE!  MESSAGE TRAFFIC HANDLING DVD

Our first training DVD (one of a series of DVDs about various emcomm skills...we hope) is in the final copying process and we are accepting orders now.   (We expect to ship by March 15, and we will hold your check until they are shipped.)  This DVD is not your usual scripted, studio, well-rehearsed, and edited training video.  D. W. Thorne, K6SOJ is the presenter and it was taped live by Paul Peterson, K6PTT, on October 29, 2005, at the U.S.F.S. facility at Redding, CA .  As you watch it, you'll feel like you are actually in the classroom.  DW begins with a review of the history or communications beyond the horizon followed by a thorough explanation of the "whys and wherefores" of basic message handling.  Essential information for all emcomm operators is presented in a palatable way.  (Warning: it is "raw and unedited" and it includes flub-ups, bloopers, jokes, and unsolicited comments!)  Thanks to Robert Jackson, KB6YTD, of Weaverville, CA, the audio and video quality is good, but there are a few "glitches" so do not adjust your player or TV.  Use for training sessions, meetings, or home viewing.  Includes a brief overview of the ICS.  Not rated. 155 minutes.  $10.00 (includes postage and shipping) - $15.00 for two DVDs to same address. Send check payable to EMCOMM to: EMCOMM, P.O. Box 99, Macdoel, CA  96058  - NOTE: This RADIOGRAM DVD is copyrighted.  Contact us for permission to copy for non-commercial use only.

 NEW!  - "TACTS" (Traveling Amateurs Communication and Transportation Service)
In ICS/NIMS communications and transportation are under LOGISTICS.  Also a lot of amateurs travel.  Amateurs also often have an item that they would like to get moved from "Point A" to "Point B", but it is too heavy or bulky to ship and may not be worth as much as the expense of shipping.  With fuel costs going ever higher it is often not cost effective to just drive to pick up some item.
 
THEREFORE as a service to our readers, EM will devote space each month to subscribers who have an item they would like to have transported from one point to another and attempt to put them in contact them with someone who is taking a trip and has some extra space available to transport.

"TACTS" listings in EMCOMM MONTHLY must state:
  1. FROM WHERE and TO WHERE the item is going.
  2. SIZE and WEIGHT of the item(s).
  3. DELIVER BY DATE if appropriate.
  4. SPECIAL CONDITIONS  (E.g. - Whether it may be transported in an open truck/trailer, or must be transported in a weather proof vehicle.

THERE WILL BE TWO TYPES OF LISTINGS.  EXAMPLES:

NEEDS:
(This one is real):  Have small, too heavy to mail, package from Klamath Falls, Oregon to Reseda, CA.  No hurry...anytime is OK.  D. W. Thorne, K6SOJ k6soj@wrrl.net
 
OFFERS:
Traveling from San Francisco to Salt Lake City via I-80 around July 4.  Return trip leaving SLC July 30.  Driving a pick up truck with camper shell.
Can transport small to medium size/weight item(s).  Contact Joe Dokes, KZ6TRK at: joeb @ sftruck.net
 
DISCLAIMER: 
EMCOMM MONTHLY
and/or WRRL and any of it staff or members assume no responsibility whatsoever for safe delivery or any other liability resulting from this service.  It is solely a mutual agreement between two consenting adults.  NO ILLEGAL ITEMS...PLEASE!
SEND your NEEDS and WANTS LISTING to:  k6soj@wrrl.org  Deadline: 25th of the month.

 ERRATA, GREMLINS...AND MISTAKES
In the February feature article "ARE  LONG RADIO MESSAGES REALLY NECESSARY?"  we said:
"First of all if the generator was deployed with a manual, a tool kit, and some spare parts...shame on whoever is in charge.  And if the person assigned to keep the generator running can't make a repair,  you'd better just order another generator...and/or another operator!"   It should have read: without a manual.

 POPULAR MECHANICS and KATRINA
The March 2006 issue of Popular Mechanics a has some good articles about Katrina in this month's Popular Mechanics magazine.  One story debunks a number
of urban and political myths.  Read the electronic version at: 
www.popularmechanics.com/katrina - (via Gary Wilson, K2GW, SNJ SEC)

 MORE ABOUT KATRINA
The NREN Training Topic dated 2-27-06 "
Katrina Failures and What We Can Learn"   by Jim Wades, WB8SIW, is worth reading.
It is at:
www.emcomm.org/nren/default.asp

 ARMY NAVY SALES
"Army Navy Sales is committed to delivering high quality products and exceptional customer service."  We recently placed an order (for a khaki M-65 Field Jacket) with this online supply house in Chicago.  The jacket was exactly as advertised and was received in 3 days!  Good service deserves a reward...so this is unsolicited "plug" for:  ARMY NAVY SALES  www.armynavysales.com   If you place an order, mention that you heard about them in  EMCOMM MONTHLY.

 EMCOMMWEST 2006 - RENO
May 6 - 7 Atlantis Hotel, Resort and Spa, Reno, Nevada  All day Saturday and half day on Sunday.
Details and updates:  http://www.emcommwest.org/

 WORTH PRINTING AND SAVING
Beaufort Windspeed Scale:  http://www.zetnet.co.uk/sigs/weather/Met_Codes/beaufort.htm
Standard Time Zone Scale:  http://www.travel.com.hk/region/timezone.htm

  REVISED and UPDATED
Traffic Handlers Challenge at: www.emcomm.org also at: www.wrrl.org (click bar on main page).
--
"WRRL WINDS" (WRRL MEMBER NEWS)
SHOW YOUR COLORS!   WRRL MEMBER'S PATCHES (view at: www.wrrl.org/supplies.asp ) are now in stock.  1 for $5, or 2 for $8, or 3 for $10 (postpaid to one address).  Make checks payable to WRRL.  Recommended display is on left shoulder 3/4" below seam of shirt or jacket.  (A removable armband is acceptable.)  May also be sewn on cap.  (WRRL LOGO caps may become available at a later date.)
WRRL LOGO RUBBER STAMP
A WRRL LOGO rubber stamp is now available.   Use on envelopes, QSL cards, letters, etc.  It is like our "globe logo" except it has www.wrrl.org below the globe.
View at:  http://www.wrrl.org/supplies.asp  Since they are fairly expensive, we are offering them at our cost.  (However, you may include a little extra as a donation if you are feeling rich!).  Order an Ideal® 400R, 1-5/8" diameter, self-inking stamp for $19.95 + 2.00 postage; or a knob handle wood stamp for $13.95 + $2.00 postage.  Make checks payable to: WRRL.   Send to:  WRRL, P.O. Box 99, Macdoel, CA  96058.  Allow about two weeks for delivery.
WRRL MEMBER LISTS
(Updated Feb. 27, 2006)  Lists of WRRL members by number, state, and call sign are updated monthly and are posted on www.wrrl.org   The two digit member numbers are gone.  We only hope that by this time next year we are saying "the three digit numbers are gone"!   Our goal? 600 WRRL STATIONS...and at least one fully capable TYPE I ARCT in each FEMA REGION in 2006.
WRRL CALL SIGN:  W7RRL
W7RRL has been issued to The World Radio Relay League.  It is only authorized for use during special events and incidents.
Check www.wrrl.org for updates and information between issues of EM
--
FEEDBACK,  MUSINGS... and SPURIOUS EMISSIONS
 
From the OLD LINE STATE:
"Thank you, thank you for the newsletter. It is always so good!" - Paul Gates, KD3JF, Glen Burnie, MD

From the HOOSIER STATE:
"I just wanted to say that I applaud the determination to stick to the standards you have set.  And I am one of the people who looked at your standards (and agree with them) and accept the fact that I don't currently have what it takes to meet those standards.  People always want exceptions to the rules and as mentioned in the article. I was one of those amateurs who responded to Katrina (and eventually earned a leadership position), but who had to deal with a few amateurs who were well intentioned, but should never have been allowed in the area because they were incapable of accomplishing the mission for one or more reasons.  People who aren't willing to submit to a background check have NO business in EMCOMM.  The same goes for people who aren't willing to submit the necessary documentation to verify training or certifications.  And as you mentioned, no government agency is going to work with you if you won't provide a DOB and SSN and I doubt too many NGOs will now either since most of them require background checks.  Keep up the good work." - Jeff Hammer, N9NIC, Indianapolis, IN

From the EVERGREEN STATE:
"Two of the problems at the West Virginia mine disaster, (ref. Feb. 06 EM) ) as I see it, were :
a) lack of control as to "authorized personnel only" within the command center;
b) a very strong admonition should have been issued to those admitted to the command center of "what you see here/hear here/learn here STAYS HERE".  Strict adherence should have been given to "Only authorized persons (PIO) disseminate information".
If these two points had been strictly enforced, then the false message that gave the families a false sense of hope would never have been transmitted to them.

In addition, specific coded messages could have let officials know the true status without alerting everyone in the area.  One SAR group that I know of radioed back to base camp the following message: "We will not need additional personnel in base camp.  Johnny Johnson (made up name) will be staying in camp tonight.  This message meant that there was one confirmed fatality - but those outside the SAR community were unaware of the true meaning of the message.

I have 15 years experience in SAR as an amateur radio operator/team leader/writer of disaster scenarios for county-wide testing of capabilities and operators.
- Duane Vincent, KA7JEX, Vancouver, WA

COMMENT:  On SAR missions that I have been involved in we have done much the same exact thing.  While "codes and ciphers" are legal on public service frequencies,  they are prohibited on amateur frequencies.  FCC Part 97 (a) "No amateur station shall transmit:  (4)  Music using a phone emission except as specifically provided elsewhere in this Section; communications intended to facilitate a criminal act; messages in codes or ciphers intended to obscure the meaning thereof, except as otherwise provided herein; obscene or indecent words or language; or false or deceptive messages, signals or identification;"  EM and WRRL does NOT advocate revoking or loosening these prohibitions for amateur radio.  Why give criminals and terrorists another tool?
--
THE EM ADVISOR
The staff of EMCOMM MONTHLY are happy to answer your questions to the best of our ability.  Some of the questions are of a specific nature.  Technical questions are forwarded to our Technical Advisor, Ed Ewell, K7DXV.  Questions about our ARCT program or ICS/NIMS are forwarded to Jerry Boyd, N7WR.  Others may be forwarded to other staff members.  Questions regarding EMCOMM in general are usually handled by D. W. Thorne, K6SOJ.  Some may find their way into this column if it is believed that the question or the answer will benefit our readers.  Some of these may wind up on our FAQ page at: http://www.wrrl.org/faq.asp  Before submitting a question we ask our  readers to check that page first...to see if it might have been "fielded" before.  Also, please consider checking our site search page at: http://www.emcomm.org/search.htm to see if your question may have been previously addressed in EMCOMM MONTHLY.  Thank you.

Q:  I am considering joining the WRRL, but I have a question. Back in 2004 while operating at the Weather Service Appreciation day, I received a card from an Official Observer that I had operated "out of band". I was not aware I had done it until I received the card several days later.  Needless to say I was very upset and shocked that it happened.  I was using an unfamiliar radio, and according to the OO's card the frequency was 14.349.64. I got too close to the band edge without realizing it. I have been extra careful ever since that I stay away from the band edges. My question is, does this incident disqualify me from joining with the "zero tolerance" rule? I admire your determination and cause. More power to you. I will understand if I am not able to join, but will still applaud and support your efforts!
                - Dan Miller, KCØFRL, Des Moines, IA

A:
  We only wish that all operators were like you, Dan!  You made an honest mistake, learned from it, and you are now a better operator because of it.  The WRRL policy of ZERO TOLERANCE for illegal transmissions (failure to properly identify, out of band operation, excessive power, broadcasting, willful or malicious interference, etc.), does NOT disqualify you from membership.  The policy is aimed at operators who thumb their nose at the rules and continue to engage in sloppy or willful illegal operation.  We DO require that there be no pending disciplinary matters on your amateur license.  A notice from an "OO" is not a disciplinary matter.  If you have met the requirements in Article III we look forward to having you as a WRRL member.

Too many hams have not been properly educated (or don't care) and are not knowledgeable about signal width.  They think that as long as the readout on the transmitter shows numbers below the legal band edge they are in compliance with the FCC rules.  NOT!  On SSB and CW 3 kHz is usually considered to be a safe distance from a band (or sub band) edge, assuming of course that your emissions are not excessively wide.

Q: In EM you mentioned that at least one person on a TYPE I ARCT must be trained in first aid/EMT.  You might think about First Responders.  Here in Hamilton County, TN we have Fire and Rescue personnel that are First Responders who are one step below EMT, but higher trained than just first aid. - Loyd C.Headrick, K4LCH, Chattanooga, TN

 
A: The personnel you mention certainly meet the "first aid/CPR or EMT-1" requirement for a TYPE I ARCT. http://www.wrrl.org/arct_program/requirements.asp
There is a difference between the EMS term: "first responder" (a level just below EMT-I in most states); and the ICS/NIMS term: "first responder".  The primary reason for the TYPE I ARCT requirement is be able to treat its own team members should they become injured or suddenly ill without placing an extra load on the primary EMS providers in a disaster area.  Of course, care provided by trained persons on an ARCT is not limited to themselves only.  If necessary, they may provide appropriate care to anyone.  In the definition of "first aid" the words immediate and temporary appear.  Now...is there a possibility that yourself or someone else you know may be interested in forming a TYPE I ARCT in "The Volunteer State"? - Editor
 
Q:  What is EM's philosophy regarding reimbursement and/or pay from served agencies for emcomm services provided by radio amateurs?

A:  Most hams learned when they studied for their license, that receiving "pay" for amateur radio public service is prohibited by law.  (An exception is made for public service employees who may use amateur radio incidentally during an emergency or for training purposes while performing their regular paid duties.)

Amateurs who respond to disasters are permitted to receive reimbursement for actual out-of-pocket expenses if it is offered.  But, they should not make their response contingent upon any reimbursement whether real or perceived.   If they are unable or are unwilling to pay their own way...they should stay home and operate as a relay station.  (It is odd that many Americans never think twice about spending beau coup dollars on a vacation and/or stuff their money into a slot machine or blow it at a craps table, but they are not willing to respond to a disaster without being reimbursed or paid.) 
 
EM's infrastructure free philosophy of being self-supporting and self-sufficient extends to not being dependant upon any government agency or other NGO for funding.  However, if meals and/or lodging are provided, or reimbursement is offered for mileage or other expenses we will certainly not turn it down.   The TYPE I ARCTS that are certified by WRRL are self-supporting, and they are free to do their own fund raising and budgeting.   But let none of us forget this Golden Rule:  "He that holds the gold...makes the rules".  We believe that amateur radio (including public service) is just like everything else in life.  If you can't afford it...don't do it. - Editor
--
ICS PERSPECTIVES - by Jerry Boyd, N7WR

This month’s column deals with what some believe to be a troubling issue and one which the federal government has hinted at for over a year.  Also included is an update on the WRRL’s ARCT Type I Team Leader certification program.

 

For a variety of reasons, not all of which are good ones in my opinion, the Department of Homeland Security/FEMA has been “hinting” for over a year that in the future no one will be allowed to volunteer in a disaster with any public agency unless they have completed ICS/NIMS training.  While this is not yet a formal, federal requirement for Emcomm operators assisting law enforcement, fire and EMS in disasters it may well become one.  There are individual pubic safety agencies that have made it a requirement so whether the “Feds” do or not may become a moot point.

 

Those state, county, and local agencies which have imposed the ICS/NIMS training requirement have likely done so because they are the recipients of DHS grants.  Part of the grant process now requires such entities to certify that all of its “employees” are ICS/NIMS trained.  Some agencies have taken the position that volunteers are employees.  They especially take that position if they provide insurance coverage for their volunteers.

 

While I may have some reservations about the extent to which government is going to force ICS/NIMS training it is no secret that I am a strong proponent of ICS/NIMS.  As a public safety professional I have seen it used to advantage many times especially when compared to the pre-ICS approach----which I am old enough to remember and have used in the past.

 

Whatever the reason, and whether you agree or not, obtaining ICS/NIMS training is, in my opinion, a good, and perhaps necessary, thing to do.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Since the ARCT Type I Team Leader certification program was announced by WRRL in January we have received inquiries from four prospective team leaders in widely scattered parts of the country.  One Team Leader (in FEMA Region IX) has been  certified and a team formed  ( San Francisco ) and a tentative certification (pending formation of a full team) has been granted to a Team Leader in FEMA Region III ( Pennsylvania ).   I would certainly encourage serious emcomm operators with leadership ability to consider becoming an ARCT TYPE I leader and begin the certification process.  Until next month... 73 from NE Oregon .

 

--
NATIONAL EMCOMM TRAFFIC SERVICE  (N.E.T.S.)

The NATIONAL EMCOMM TRAFFIC SERVICE uses designated watch and calling frequencies.   Public service amateur radio operators everywhere are invited to monitor these frequencies whenever possible.  But when disasters or other incidents occur, emcomm operators are asked to warm up their radios and "light up" the NATIONAL EMCOMM TRAFFIC SERVICE..."24/7".  Active operators know which bands are most likely to be "open" depending upon the time of day, season, etc.

During disasters and for other emergencies the frequencies are "open nets".  When traffic becomes heavy they will become "command and control" frequencies with a net control station "triaging traffic" and directing stations with traffic to another (traffic) frequency.  (At least 5 kHz away.)  Proper net procedures are essential.

NETS does not maintain regular schedules and does not handle routine "make work" messages such as birthday greetings, "your license is about to expire", "book messages", etc.) NETS is intended to supplement and fortify other networks by providing a vehicle for EmComm operators to originate, relay and deliver legal radio message traffic (i.e. - "first class mail") of any precedence, at any time, from and to anyone and anywhere.  Especially during disasters or other crises.  NETS stations will cooperate and use other networks that are known to be capable of accurately and efficiently handling RADIOGRAMS.

NATIONAL EMCOMM TRAFFIC SERVICE (NETS) WATCH • MONITOR • CALLING • TRAFFIC FREQUENCIES
All listed frequencies (except 60 meters) are nominal.  Actual nets may be up or down as much as 20 kHz.
SSB:
•  1982 kHz (May be activated during incidents.)
•  3987 kHz (And down because most "RACES" activity is above 3.990.)
•  5332 kHz "Up" to other 60M channels as necessary. 50W maximum ERP. (Activated during actual incidents.)
•  7244 kHz (up)
• 14280 kHz (up)
• ALASKA ONLY: 5167.5 kHz (USB emergency traffic only)

CW:
•   1911 kHz (May be active during incidents.)
•   3711 kHz
•   7111 kHz
• 10119 kHz  (NOTE CHANGE FROM 10109 kHz)
• ALASKA 3540/7042/14050 kHz

VHF/UHF FM
• ARES® 146.55 MHz
• ARES®/Red Cross 147.42 MHz
• NATIONAL CALLING (and Wilderness Protocol) 146.52 MHz 
• WILDERNESS PROTOCOL (ref. June 1996 QST, page 85).
Primary frequency: 146.52 MHz (FM simplex). Secondary frequencies: 446.0, 223.5, 52.525
and 1294.5 MHz.  All stations (both fixed, portable or mobile) monitor the primary (and
secondary if possible) frequency(s) every three hours starting at 7:00 am local time, for five
minutes (7:00-7:05 AM, 10:00-10:05 AM, etc.)  Additionally, stations that have sufficient
power resources monitor for five minutes starting at the top of every hour, or continuously."

NOTES:
1. "Up" or "down" should be in increments of 3-5 kHz SSB (except 60M); 1-2 kHz minimum CW.
2. If traffic is heavy, nearby frequencies should be designated by NCS at least 5 kHz away from NC.
3. 60 METER BAND (USB):
CH  NOMINAL  CARRIER
  A  5332kHz  5330.5kHz
  B  5348kHz  5346.5kHz
  C  5368kHz  5366.5kHz
  D  5373kHz  5371.5kHz
  E  5405kHz  5403.5kHz (common US/UK)

Some of the frequencies listed may be on our near other established net frequencies.
As a matter of operating courtesy always move up or down a few kHz to avoid QRM when a frequency is in use.

TRAFFIC TIPS
“For want of a letter, a word was lost.
             For want of a word, the message was lost.
                         For want of a message, a life was lost.”
 
THE “TRAFFIC HANDLER’S MANTRA”  (Recite often to help remember the eight parts in preamble):
“No • Prepared • Ham • Should • Copy • Priority • Traffic • Delayed”
“No • Prepared • Ham • Should • Copy • Priority • Traffic • Delayed”
“No • Prepared • Ham • Should • Copy • Priority • Traffic • Delayed”
NUMBER 
PRECEDENCE HX STATION OF ORIGIN CHECK PLACE OF ORIGIN TIME
DATE
SUGGESTION:  To help you to memorize the eight parts of the preamble,  RECITE the "Traffic Handlers Mantra" often:
“No • Prepared • Ham • Should • Copy • Priority • Traffic • Delayed”
ASSESS your current traffic handling skill, take the "TRAFFIC HANDLER’S CHALLENGE" at:
www.emcomm.org
  (main page)
--
THE WRRL WORKSHOP
FIELD SOLDERING:
1. Melt some plain solder and let the "blobs of solder" fall onto a piece of glass.  SPLAT!
2. Allow ample time to cool and keep them and a small container of rosin flux in your field kit.  (A 35mm film canister works good.)
3. To field solder a wire splice, apply some flux, wrap the joint with the solder "splat", and hold a butane lighter under it to melt the solder.
4. Wear gloves or use pliers to avoid a burn.  Wearing "flip-flops" is NOT recommended!

RETRO REVIEW  - “EMCOMM viewed through the Retrospect-O-Scope”
An EM basic studies training module


THE “WELL EQUIPPED AMATEUR STATION” (will have):
  • A comfortable, well-lighted, desk or table and a comfortable chair.
  • Accurate battery clock(s). (Recommend two.  One local time, one UTC.)
  • Wall calendar.  REMINDER...the UTC/GMT/ZULU DATE is TOMORROW from
    0000 UTC until midnight your LOCAL time.
  • A provision to ground your antennas and a “switch-to-safety”
    (power shut off) for electrical storms or other emergencies.
  • Back-up/emergency power source.
  • Flashlight or other (electric) emergency light source
  • Logbook(s), note books, QSL cards, etc.
  • Repeater Directory, Operating Guide, local and regional emergency
    plan, antenna books, copy of FCC “part 97”.
  • Telephone list and telephone books.*
  • Maps!  Local, state, regional, world.  Road, political, topographic
    forest service, BLM, aeronautical, nautical, amateur radio zone,
    historical...it is impossible to have too many!
  • Current world postal guide, plus stamps, envelopes, address labels.
  • Recent World Almanac.
  • Extra pens and pencils (+ sharpener).
  • A safe place (where it won’t get spilled) for your cup, mug, or plate.
  • Weather monitoring gear.  Outdoor thermometer, rain gauge, wind direction indicator (a flag or wind sock will work),

    anemometer, etc. (Beaufort Scale is adequate)   http://www.zetnet.co.uk/sigs/weather/Met_Codes/beaufort.htm)
  • A small tool kit.  (Include electrical tape and duct tape.)
  • Wallpaper.  (Your FCC license, certificates, awards, QSL cards,
    snapshots, pennants, toys, miniatures, memorabilia, and whatever else
    is important to you.)
All serious EMCOMM operators keep a READY BOOK within easy reach!  A 3-ring "half-size" binder that accepts 5½ x 8½ paper works very well.  Index it as you like...but you’ll need a section for EMERGENCY telephone numbers, with the names and addresses of contact persons in FIRE, OES, SAR, Red Cross, and NWS.  Have sections with VHF and HF frequencies, NET schedules, severe WEATHER reporting criteria, media contacts, plus addresses and LL numbers of friends and frequently called businesses. 

 --
QSH --  (I HAVE HUMOR FOR YOUR STATION)
EM’s Quiz, Survey, and [attempt at] Humor Section...

See the "HOME COMPUTER OF THE FUTURE" (circa 1954) at:
http://www.wrrl.org/nostalgia/default.asp
--
EMCOMM STATION and OPERATOR NEWS
"SHOW US YOUR SHACK"
• Send a picture of you AND your shack (all in one frame and in JPG or JPEG format) to: k6soj@wrrl.org
Our "SHOW US YOUR SHACK" page is at: http://www.emcomm.org/em/shacks/index.html
--
FEATURE ARTICLE 
An EM basic studies training module

EDITOR COMMENT:  Third party message traffic, from an originator to an addressee, delivered accurately and as rapidly as possible; is the essence of amateur radio emcomm.  Our goal is to make traffic handling as simple and as understandable as possible.
 
FREQUENTLY MISSED QUESTIONS ON THE TRAFFIC HANDLER'S CHALLENGE
by Ed "FB" Trump, AL7N, WRRL-6
Originator and administrator of the "Traffic Handler's Challenge"   www.emcomm.org/thc/index.html

I haven't kept an exact tally, but, looking back over the past year or so, I've noticed there are several questions that quiz takers seem to miss over and over again.  Since the amateurs who take the quiz most likely have a serious interest in Third Party Formal Traffic handling activity,  perhaps it is time to note these
apparent "problem areas", and discuss them.

1. There appears to be some lack of understanding as to what the relationship is between the "Point of Origination" and the "Originating Station" items in the preamble
of a formal message.  They are not necessarily at the same physical location.   By definition in the ARRL Methods and Procedures Guidelines, the "Originating Station" of a formal message is the CALL SIGN of the first amateur station to place the message on a traffic circuit.  This is differentiated from the "Place of Origin" which may or may not be at the same physical location as the "Originating Station".  Consider a message that is actually originated at one place e.g. - Beaver Creek, OR) and then was hand carried to a different place where a working radio station is located.  This fact will then be indicated like so in the message preamble:  The transmitting station will use it's own call sign (e.g. - Portland, OR), but the  "Place of Origin" is:  "Beaver Creek, OR".  This shows that the message was originated in "Beaver Creek", but actually first transmitted by a station in Portland.

2. A second area of misunderstanding appears to concern the concept of the "filing time" of a formal message.  Also, there seems to be some confusion as to what "time" should be appended in the preamble of formal messages (or if it is to even be used at all).  Only the date is required in the preamble of a ROUTINE message.   Use of the "filing time" in the preamble is optional with the message originator, and is often not used at all on routine precedence messages. However, it SHOULD be used on all EMERGENCY or  PRIORITY messages, or other messages that are "time sensitive" for any reason.  The message "filing time" when used, is the time the message is written out by the originator (and put in the originating station's "to send" file).  It is necessarily an EARLIER time than the time of transmission which is the time the radio operator actually transmits the message on a traffic circuit. 

Messages are indeed (or should be) "filed" by the originating station in a "sent" file after being transmitted (kept as the "document of record" in case
they need to be referred to later), but that "after the fact" filing activity does not have anything to do with the "filing time" in the message preamble that we are talking about here.   Although it is sometimes taught to use "local time" on message traffic origination, it is preferable to always use UTC or "ZULU" time.  Especially on any message that will cross a time zone boundary, correct use of UTC will eliminate confusion as to the origination time.  The date on any such message should also match the time in UTC.  Example: a message originated at 8:00 PM Pacific Local Standard Time on August 8, would carry the origination (filing) time of 0400Z August 09.

3. Other common incorrect answer involves minor procedural errors.  Most noted of these is the use of "Q"  signals when operating in voice modes.   Just say it with plain words.  Q signals are prosigns and should only be used between stations using CW.  Doing otherwise is the mark of an inexperienced traffic operator.   Learn how to properly "sign for" a message as completely and correctly received in it's entirety by using the word "ROGER" as is correct for voice modes, and properly use the "Q" signal "QSL" for same when operating CW.  .

4. The most commonly missed question in the quiz, by far, has to do with which station calls the other when two stations are sent off a net frequency by the Net Control station to handle listed traffic.  When the Net Control sends stations off an HF net frequency to handle traffic (in any mode), the station that is to RECEIVE the traffic is the one who picks the exact frequency and calls the station that has the traffic to send.  The receiving station is the one who has to make perfect copy (and you had better make it perfect!)  and so he/she gets to pick the exact, clearest, least interfered with frequency on which to work.

Keep the quizzes coming…we enjoy scoring them and providing a little more education about the traffic handling activity in the process.

Ed  AL7N
Fairbanks, Alaska

=========================================================================================
EMCOMM SPECIALTY PRODUCTS
=====================================================================
NEW!  MESSAGE TRAFFIC HANDLING TRAINING DVD
This DVD is not your usual scripted, studio, well-rehearsed, and edited video.  D. W. Thorne, K6SOJ is the presenter and it was taped by Paul Peterson, K6PTT, in real time, at the U.S.F.S. facility at Redding, CA on October 29, 2005.  As you watch it, you'll feel like you are actually in the classroom.  DW begins with a review of the history or communications beyond the horizon followed by a thorough explanation of the "whys and wherefores" of basic message handling.  Essential information for all emcomm operators presented in a palatable way.  (Warning: it is "raw and unedited" and includes flub-ups, bloopers, jokes, and unsolicited comments!)  Thanks to Robert Jackson, KB6YTD, of Weaverville, CA, the audio and video quality is good, but there are a few "glitches" so do not adjust your player or TV.  Use for training sessions, meetings, or home viewing.  Includes a brief overview of the ICS.  Not rated. 155 minutes.  $10.00 (includes postage and shipping) - $15.00 for two DVDs to same address. Send check payable to EMCOMM to: EMCOMM, P.O. Box 99, Macdoel, CA  96058  - NOTE: This RADIOGRAM DVD is copyrighted.  Contact us for permission to copy.  (Non-commercial use only.)
=====================================================================
EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS  “License Plate”:
-----------O-------------------------------------------------O----------
        
   
EMERGENCY
 COMMUNICATIONS

-----------O-------------------------------------------------O-----------
•  View this item at:  http://www.emcomm.org/products/
•  Raised  BLACK letters on WHITE background
•  Durable Metal
•  6” x 12” with usual holes for mounting
•  Mount on vehicle
•  Place on visor or  in window
•  Space to "customize" with your county or city's name, or your call sign using one-inch vinyl letters
   (available at hardware stores)
•  Use at fixed or field EMCOMM stations
•  MADE IN U.S.A!
•  $10.00 each or two for $18.00  [Postpaid to one address includes all applicable taxes]
Send check or money order and shipping address to:
       EMCOMM
       P O Box 99
       Macdoel, CA  96058
• Allow 2 weeks for delivery
======================================================================
TRAFFIC HANDLER'S SUPPLIES:
  
RADIOGRAM   RUBBER STAMP
• Use on plain paper
• Use on front of envelope
• 3/4” x 3” wood handle stamp
   Order: WRGS -  Wood handle (traditional) rubber stamp $10.00 each postpaid
   ($8.00 if ordered with Message Service Cross stamp (below)
• Send check or money order to:
       EMCOMM
       P O Box 99
       Macdoel, CA  96058
• Please allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery
• View this item (in use) at:  http://www.emcomm.org/products/
 
"MESSAGE SERVICE CROSS"   RUBBER STAMP
• Makes the “record” part of record message traffic handling easy and efficient.
• Use on any message form or on plain paper.
• A message received and forwarded should be stamped twice (L lower / R lower).
• Check TOR (Time Received) or TOD (Time Delivered / Forwarded).
• Available in two styles:
     Order: SIRS   -  Self-inking rubber stamp - $15.00 each postpaid.
     Order: WHRS -  Wood handle (traditional) rubber stamp - $12.00 each postpaid.
• Order yours today!
• Specify style, quantity, and shipping address, and send check or money order to:
       EMCOMM
       P O Box 99
       Macdoel, CA  96058

• Please allow 2 to 4 weeks for delivery
• View this item (in use) at:  http://www.emcomm.org/products/
=====================================================================
NEW SUBSCRIBERS
• Vincent Buono, WA3ADI, Havertown, PA - ARES®, RACES, SKYWARN
• Herb Gerhardt, KB7UVC, Belfair, WA - ARES®, RACES
• Jeffrey Kloek, KI4NDR, Memphis, TN - ARES®
• Leah Clarke, WA7LC, Shelton, WA - ARES®, RACES
• Jeff Schneller, N2HPO, Flushing, NY - SATERN (Greater NY Amateur Radio Liaison Officer), and NYC RACES
• Tom Manger, KI6BXL, Pleasanton, CA - ARES®, RACES
• Steven Schultz, N7HUQ, Lakeland, FL - ARES®
• Kenneth G. Wing, WB6IVK, Napa, CA - RACES
• Daron J. Wilson, N7HQR, Lincoln City, OR - RACES
• Robert Willis II, KF6MIA, San Francisco, CA - ARES
• David J. Ziskin, AG6E, Culver City, CA - ARES®, and Maritime Radio Officer
• Armond Noble, N6WR, Sacramento, CA
• Harry Marsters, KA1NXJ, Portland, ME - Dir. of Communications, Cumberland Co. EMA; USAF MARS National Emergency Communications Manager
• Ronald Rea, K5ZZX, Houston,TX - ARES®, Texas State Air Guard, 447th ASG TXSG
• Jeff Ross, KC8GKF, Muskegon, MI
• Gregory Ginter, KI4MXY, Lebanon, TN
• Patrick Moore, KG6RLR, Gilroy, CA - ARES® EC, RACES
• Katy Mulvey, KC2PAK, Rochester, NY
• Budd Johnson, N4WBJ, Brandon, FL - ARES®, RACES, Sheriff's Tactical Amateur  Radio Comm
• Susan Hirsch, KG6VOU, San Francisco, CA - WRRL Type I ARCT, SFACS
• Horace Penman, KI6AMG, Los Angeles, CA - LAACS
• Christopher Palm, WY6Z, San Francisco, CA - WRRL Type I ARCT, SFACS, ARES®, NERT
• Diana Lum, KG6IOH, San Francisco, CA - WRRL Type I ARCT, SFACS, ARES®
• Vincent J. Buono, Jr., Havertown, PA - ARES®, RACES
• Virgil Gibbs, KG4FCD, Sun City Center, FL - ARES®
• Dan Fergot, KE6RZA, Running Springs, CA
• Rob Schulze, KM6SC, Menifee, CA - RACES
• Steve McCubbin, K6AOR, Beaumont, CA - RACES
• Alan Frame, WB3FTD, York, PA - ARES®, RACES, York County EMA Communicator
• Robert Pickens, KE7GFL, Reno, NV
• Monte Simpson, K2MLS, Bremerton,WA - ARES®, WWA A-SEC/Training
• Dave Smith, W2DLS, full-time RV Western US - Formerly ARES® Santa Barbara, CA
• Pete Shiffman, KC2OUF, Staten Island, New York, ARECS
• August Levert, KF5NA, Greenwell Springs, LA - ARES®
• George Falter, K7YKD, Tuscon, AZ - WRRL
• Doc Hendrickson, KG6ZIN, Foresthill, CA - ARES®, RACES
• Norm Goodkin, K6YXH, Calabasas, CA - RACES
• Vaughn Lewis, AC7HO, Gresham, OR - ARES®, RACES, MARA, CARS
• Duane Whittingham, N9SSN, Macomb, IL - ARES®, RACES, SKYWARN, SATERN
• Ronald D. Weber, K6TZK, San Francisco, CA - WRRL, ARES®
 
RECENT CONTRIBUTORS - Thank you for your support!
(The individuals listed below have made recent donations to help EMCOMM MONTHLY and EMCOMM.ORG survive.)
• Millie Goodfellow of Alturas, California.   In memory of John Moriarity, K6QQ SK

SOS - SUPPORT OUR SUPPORTERS
When contacting these fine vendors... tell them EMCOMM MONTHLY sent you!
 
Books, etc.
Jack (AC6FU) and Margaret (KE7AWA) Ruckman, Owners
 
www.hamradiobooks.com
  ac6fu@arrl.net
  (775) 577-2639
  P.O. Box 309
  Silver Springs, NV 89429
(Amateur Radio Books, ARRL patches, decals and other supplies)
 
DC POWER, LLC
www.dcpwr.com
Wes
(K7WWG) and Debbi Allen
(503) 531 4081
665 SW 167th Ave.
Beaverton, OR  97006
(Anderson Power Pole® Connectors and Accessories)
 
EmComm-Products LLC
Robin (N7GSU) and Kathy (KD7OTY) Faulkner
http://www.emcomm-products.com/index.htm
(775) 521-6153
(775) 307-7101 (Fax)
PO Box 383
703 Sixth Street
Fossil, OR 97830-0383
(Manufacturer of the RADS 9-11 Rapid Antenna Deployment System)
  
San Francisco Amateur Radio Club and SF ARES® 
Anderson PowerPoles®, headsets, books, other items.
Proceeds go to support SF ARES®)
Contact: Dave Gomberg, NE5EE, San Francisco
http://www.wcf.com/sfares/fun
 
EMCOMM.ORG and EMCOMM MONTHLY do not accept commercial advertising.  However, we list vendors who offer products specifically of interest or value to EmComm and who make periodic contributions.  If you would like your company to be listed in SOS - SUPPORT OUR SUPPORTERS send a brief mention of your company and it's products (see examples above) and a donation to: EMCOMM, P. O. Box 99, Macdoel, CA  96058 - If you have further questions just ask.

REFERENCE and RESOURCE SECTION
 
• ICS-ARCT GUIDE: 
www.emcomm.org/ARCT/
• TRAFFIC HANDLER’S CHALLENGE:  www.emcomm.org (click bar on main page).
• TRAINING ARCHIVES:
www.emcomm.org/svares/training/index.html
• PHONETICS: www.emcomm.org/svares/training/itu_phonetics_10_30_2001.htm
• NVIS PROPAGATION MAPS: http://www.w0ipl.com/ECom/NVIS/NVISprop.htm
• COLORADO ARES® TRAINING RESOURCES: http://www.w0ipl.com/aresco/
• GEAR AND EQUIPMENT LIST: www.emcomm.org  (Click on GEAR LIST)
• FEMA TRAINING COURSES:  http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/IS/crslist.asp
• FEMA TRAINING COURSE IS-700 (NIMS): http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/IS/is700.asp
• ARRL FSD-218.  The famous “pink card” that contains (almost) “everything you ever needed to know about RADIOGRAMS”.
  An electronic version of FSD-218 is at:
http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/forms/#fsd-218
• NTS page by W7ARC: http://www.w7arc.com/nts/
• PACIFIC AREA TRAFFIC NETS:  http://home.earthlink.net/~k7bfl/nwnets.html
• NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SKYWARN www.emcomm.org (click on NWS or links) or
Contact your EC or local SKYWARN coordinator for local net information.
• HOSPITAL DISASTER SUPPORT COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (HDSCS): http://members.aol.com/emcom4hosp/ 
• AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION MANUAL Chapter 6 - GROUND-TO-AIR EMERGENCY CODE and GROUND-TO-AIR (close-in) VISUAL SIGNALS
http://www.faa.gov/ATpubs/AIM/Chap6/aim0602.html
• U. S. AIR FORCE Search and Rescue SURVIVAL MANUAL MIRROR SIGNALING (AFM 64-5 Aug. 1969)
http://www.emcomm.org/drawings/Mirror_Signaling_mid.jpg
 
SUBSCRIBE TO EMCOMM MONTHLY 
www.emcomm.org/subscription.htm
 
ABOUT ADDRESS CHANGES:  Every month a varying number of EM are returned as "undeliverable addressee unknown" or "rejected due to containing possible objectionable material".  Our very limited all-volunteer staff does not have the time, energy, or desire to track down everyone who changes their email address and forget to notify us.  Also, if a subscriber installs a "spam filter" or a "parental control device" and neglects to tell the filter it that it's "OK to let  EM  pass through", we do not have time or patience to jump through secret hoops, or solve puzzles, to allow us to send email to you.
If you change your email address be sure to notify us at: k6soj@wrrl.org ... that is, if you want to continue to receive EM.
 
EMCOMM MONTHLY is originated in: 10, 12, 14, and 18 point Arial font and transmitted in HTML format.  Occasionally selected portions are set up in the: Lucida Console font.  HOWEVER...we have received a few reports that on some computer screens...EM appears unformatted in Plain Text or FUBAR.  ("Fouled Up Beyond All Recognition.")  If this happens to you, you can always view EM, as it is intended to appear, at: www.emcomm/org/em

Upon request  EMCOMM MONTHLY will be transmitted in plain text format to visually impaired subscribers who use an email-to-audio conversion program, and/or other subscribers whose computers do not process email in HTML format.

EMCOMM MONTHLY archiveswww.emcomm.org/em

 
SEARCH FEATURE AT EMCOMM.ORG  www.emcomm.org 
 
EMCOMM MONTHLY and EMCOMM.ORG are private (non-government) volunteer organizations funded solely by donations from EMCOMM operators who are concerned about preserving the ability of amateur radio operators to be prepared to provide skilled, accurate and efficient emergency communications during times of disaster or other events where normal channels of communication may be interrupted or overloaded.  EMCOMM.ORG is advertisement and “pop up" free.  If you have benefited from our efforts, and would like to support this work in a tangible way; you may do so by sending a check or money order payable to: EMCOMM.
Mail to: EMCOMM, PO Box 99, Macdoel, CA  96058. -- Your donation is an outright gift and is NOT tax-deductible.
The opinions expressed by individual contributors do not necessarily reflect the EM philosophy, the editorial position of EM or its staff.
 
ARES® and Amateur Radio Emergency Service® are registered service marks of the
ARRL - The National Association for Amateur Radio, Inc. and are used with permission.

For permission to reproduce material in EMCOMM MONTHLY
contact: D. W. Thorne at: k6soj@wrrl.org or write:
EMCOMM MONTHLY, P.O. Box 99, Macdoel, CA  96058  U.S.A.
 
EM STAFF:
D. W. Thorne, K6SOJ - Editor and Publisher - k6soj@wrrl.org
Jerry Boyd, N7WR - Associate Editor and ICS Advisor - n7wr@wrrl.org
Bill Frazier, W7ARC - Associate Editor and Webmaster - w7arc@wrrl.org
Ed Ewell, K7DXV - Technical Advisor - k7dxv@wrrl.org
Ed Trump, AL7N - Associate Editor and Alaska Correspondent - al7n@wrrl.org
Dave Nicholson, KB6PNT - SAR Advisor - kb6pnt@wrrl.org
 
IN THE APRIL ISSUE OF EMCOMM MONTHLY:
• The CHRONICLES OF NOCANDOO - Part I
• PLUS...NEWS... FEATURES... FEEDBACK.... QSH... and MORE!

IN THE WORKS:
• The SERVICE MESSAGE
• The PLANS AND TRAINING OFFICER
• The FIELD OPERATION DISASTER PORTABLE STATION
 
EMCOMM MONTHLY -- The Official Journal of the World Radio Relay League - WRRL®
Copyright (c) 2006 - All rights reserved.
--