“Recognition and enhancement of the amateur service to the
public as a voluntary non-commercial communications service, particularly with
respect to providing emergency communications”. -- FCC Part 97.1(a)
A Weekly Bulletin for ARES and other EMCOMM Operators and Public Safety
Officials in “the west”...and beyond.
D. W. Thorne, K6SOJ- Chief Editor - k6soj@arrl.net
Bill Frazier, W7ARC - Associate Editor and Webmaster - w7arc@arrl.net
Ed Ewell, K7DXV - Assoc. Editor Training/Technical - ewell2@fireserve.net
Paul Cavnar, NN7B - Associate Editor, Nevada - nn7b@arrl.net
INTERNET: www.emcomm.org E-MAIL: k6soj@arrl.net
A.R.R.L. HQ: www.arrl.org/ (Check it daily!)
---------------------------------------------------------------
• RADIO WATCH • MONITOR • CALLING • TRAFFIC • EMCOMM • GUARD •
• EMCOMMWEST: 7111 KHZ DAY / 3711 KHZ NIGHT / 146.52 MHZ 24/7
• ALASKA WATCH/TRAFFIC/CALLING: 3534 // 7042 // 14050 KHZ
• NEVADA ARES MONITOR/CALLING SSB: 3965 KHZ
---------------------------------------------------------------
L = Current local time in the [PST winter / PDT summer] zone.
Z = Universal Time Coordinated - UTC (same as ZULU and GMT.
HOMELAND
SECURITY ALERT LEVEL: ELEVATED (Yellow)
EXTREME CONDITIONS FIRE SEASON ADVISORY
INCREASE FIRE AWARENESS AND READINESS
• Know and obey all fire rules and regulations.
• Monitor for “Red Flag Watches/Warnings”.
• Survey your perimeter/horizon hourly (or more often).
• Report all suspicious smoke immediately.
• Carry a shovel, rake, water hose, bucket, radio, and
personal
safety gear with you when in rural or remote
areas.
• Keep a dedicated hose of sufficient length ALWAYS ready
at home.
• Tell your family, friends and neighbors to do the same.
• REMEMBER...EARLY REPORTING MAY PREVENT A MAJOR
DISASTER!
IN THIS EDITION ...
+ WELCOME NEW SUBSCRIBERS
+ SHORT CIRCUITS
+ LEADERSHIP CHANGES IN NEVADA SECTION
+ WILSON SEZ
+ FEEDBACK
+ COMING EVENTS
+ DIGITAL DIMENSIONS
+ TRAINING AND CONTINUING EDUCATION
• USPS STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS
+ NWS SKYWARN WX SPOTTER NEWS AND INFORMATION SECTION
• MEDFORD NWS
• RENO NWS
• SACRAMENTO NWS
• CANWARN
+ EMCOMMWEST BULLETIN INFORMATION
• HOW IS EMCOMMWEST AND EMCOMM.ORG FUNDED?
• RECENT CONTRIBUTORS
• SUBSCRIBE TO EMCOMMWEST BULLETIN
• BACK ISSUES LINK
• SEARCH FEATURE AT EMCOMM.ORG
+ WELCOME NEW
SUBSCRIBERS
• Mark C. Whitaker, KD7KUN, Bellevue, WA - King County ARES;
Bellevue Eastside Amateur Radio Support
• Edward Mitchell, KF7VY, Spokane, WA - American Red Cross,
Inland Northwest Chapter, Volunteer Manager of Disaster
Communications
+ SHORT CIRCUITS
-
• Butte/Glenn County (CA) ARES has a new website. See this
“work in progress” at: www.aresbutteglencounty.org
• What is CANWARN? (See NWS section below)
+ ARES LEADERSHIP
CHANGES IN NEVADA SECTION
(Effective 1 September 2003)
• Matt Parker, N7TOD (current Washoe County EC) becomes Nevada
Section Traffic Manager (STM). Matt retains his
position as
ARES liaison/SKYWARN Coordinator for NWS - Reno.
• AEC Doug Abramson - KA7FOO, will become the Emergency Coordinator for
Washoe County. Doug has been an integral part of the
leadership team
for over a year, and has been a great asset to the Washoe
County ARES.
COMMENT: Congratulations to both Matt and Doug for “a job
well done.”
- Editor
+ WILSON SEZ:
(ARES “Truisms”)
• 1) PTT does NOT mean Push Then Think!
• 2) Change is not necessary since survival is not mandatory.
• 3) Luck is where preparation meets opportunity.
• 4) Furious activity is no substitute for understanding.
(Submitted by Pat Lambert, WØIPL. Read
Pat’s EDITORIAL in this ECWB.
+ FEEDBACK,
SQUEALS, WHISTLES...AND SPURIOUS EMISSIONS -
“Regarding your comment in ECWB #172: ‘CULTIVATE good public relations
on a daily basis. Let your friends, neighbors, and local community leaders
know what amateur radio is and what it is capable (and not capable) of doing.’
-- Sure. Get into their TV's, stereos, telephones, clock radios...”
“Regarding your automatic toilet comment: ‘Our toilets are all
single-shot, lever-action.’ -- I have an American Standard here ... it
has two frequencies (toilet seat up and toilet seat down) and ‘PL’
(toilet lid down.)” - Neil McKie, WA6KLA, Deschutes County, OR
COMMENT: Really? In Oregon? OK...enough toilet humor for awhile.
+ Q and A
Q - (from two different ECWB readers):
"Why do you push CW for EMCOMM so much?...I don’t know of a single
major emergency in recent years where CW was important...90% of all EMCOMM seems
to be tactical communications on VHF."
A - (by K6SOJ):
This may open a huge can of worms...but I’ll “tackle” it.
(Sorry ;-)!
I don’t think it’s fair to say that the ECWB “pushes” CW
more than other modes. We promote the proficient use of all modes, whether
it be FM, SSB, digital or whatever. Every mode has its advantages and
disadvantages. But since there is disproportionately less CW operators in
EMCOMM, it may appear that we “push it” a bit.
In the “Basis and Purpose” of FCC Part 97.1(d) we read:
“Expand the reservoir of trained operators, technicians and electronics
experts”. I interpret this as being intended to mean ALL MODES of radio
communication!
Morse is the closest thing to a universal language ever developed.
(Esperanto not withstanding.) It allows people to communicate over
distance with little more than a flashlight, whistle, horn, mirror, or any other
visual or auditory signal that can be easily interrupted (modulated).
I am not a high-speed Morse operator and probably never will be.
But it is satisfying and re-assuring to know that I can communicate in Morse.
Radiotelegraphy is the most basic "tool" that radio amateurs have that
can enable us to accomplish our mission of “service to the public.”
Many NTS circuits still rely upon CW for their nets. And NTS
is (or at least it should be) is an important component of our overall EMCOMM
plan.
One problem is that ARES Leaders in many areas have not cultivated
and maintained a working relationship with NTS traffic managers. However,
changes are currently in the works at a national level as to how the ARRL (ARES/NTS)
will be handling formal message (record) traffic and nets in the future.
That 90% figure (9 to 1 ratio) may change significantly fairly soon.
As we move into the 21st Century, more and more public service agencies are
improving, expanding, and refining their own voice and digital communications
systems. I predict that there will be less and less need for short-range,
tactical-type, EMCOMM. In many areas of the country the question is being
asked: “What need will there be for the ARES?”
Another disturbing practice (that I have observed) is that some
government agencies enlist the most highly skilled ARES communicators, and then
assign them to duty on public service frequencies. Service which could
easily be performed by unlicensed radio operators with minimal
skills. Of course, each ARES operator is free to decide for themselves
what type of radio service in which they wish to serve.
Those of us in the ARRL/ARES need to focus more on the services
that only we can perform. Services that others cannot, do not, and will
not do.
ONE OF THE PRODUCTS THAT ONLY AMATEURS CAN PROVIDE IS (RECORD)
MESSAGE TRAFFIC. FREE RADIOGRAMS. DIRECT SERVICE TO THE GENERAL
PUBLIC. Of course we’ll always be available to provide EMCOMM to any
agencies that want
our services.
As radio amateurs we have the capability to communicate over long
distances with little more than a xmtr-rcvr, a battery, and a wire antenna
strung between two trees. The question is, during times of disaster or
other emergency, will we have enough skilled operators available that are
trained in (record) message traffic originating and handling?
CW will always be the mode of choice in many situations, since it
requires much less power, bandwidth, less complicated equipment, and will
“punch through” QRM better than other modes.
But whatever mode is used, amateurs have the capability of
communicating free and independent of “the infrastructure”. (Anyone
who integrates any commercial landline service into their EMCOMM plan is making
a huge mistake.)
In major disasters, radio amateurs may wind up being the only radio
service capable of handling large volumes of message (record) traffic over great
distances. (Hiram Percy Maxim first conceived the idea of nation-wide
amateur radio public service net-relay system seventy-five years ago!)
I am well aware of the “push” by many of our colleagues to keep
amateur radio “on the cutting edge of high-technology”. So be it...to
each his/her own. And...this may help save amateur radio.
Morse “code” has saved more lives than anyone will ever know. I
contend, that at least some of us ought to preserve the “low-tech” (K.I.S.S.)
aspects of amateur radio communications. This may also will help save the
amateur service. And, IMHO, we’ll have more fun and less frustration!
Finally, if the Morse code requirement is ever dropped in the U.S. as a
license requirement for HF privileges (and it probably will be); it will be up
to radio amateurs to ensure that the Morse language survives.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
+ RADIOGRAMS TRANSMITTED IN CW AND SSB ON AUGUST 20 PRACTICE SESSION:
---------------------------------------------------------------------
SENDING STATION: K6SOJ RECEIVING STATION: K7DXV
-------------------------------------------------
TEST 39 W K6SOJ 14 REDDING CA AUG 18
RAOUL MUNOZ
490 PORTICO ST
SAN JUAN PR 00957
737 555 1293
TEST MESSAGE X HEARD ABOUT
HURRICANE X HOPE YOU OK
X CALL US ASAP
SANTIAGO AND MARIA
--------------------------------------
TEST 190 W K6SOJ ARL14 SAN JUAN PR AUG 20
SANTIAGO MUNOZ
222 OREGON ST
REDDING CA 96097
TEST MESSAGE X ARL ONE
ARL SIX PHONE SERVICE OUT
X WILL CALL ASAP
RAOUL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE: If you copied the signature on NR TEST 190 as RAUL on the CW transmission
you were correct. (RAUL is how it was sent).)
ALSO: The last four words of 190 are redundant, and should have been left out by
the originator of the message. However, since they were included, they
must be forwarded. (Relay stations NEVER make any changes in a text.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+++ COMING EVENTS
+++
+++ TOMORROW +++ (8/27)
+ NET REMINDER - (4th Wednesday of the month)
• Sacramento Valley Section ARES Net.
• ARES stations anywhere are welcome.
• 1930L 3987± kHz LSB (1982 kHz alternate)
+++ NOVEMBER +++
+ CALIFORNIA STATEWIDE EXERCISE
• The California Emergency Medical Services Authority and Department of
Health Services (EMSA/DHS) will conduct a statewide exercise on 13 November
2003. (NOTE DATE CHANGE)
• The California OES/ACS has been invited to coordinate emergency
communications. The exercise will include ACS/RACES and ARES EMCOMM at the
local, section, regional and statewide level. All ACS, RACES, and/or ARES
operators should begin now to make sure that their field gear is operational,
and that their formal message handling and net operating
skills are up to par. Stay tuned -- UPDATES to follow in the weeks ahead.
+ DIGITAL
DIMENSIONS -
Warren Olney, KB7EKF, Coordinator - warren@broomshop.com
12 stations have registered in our “Digital Dimensions” data base.
The list is for active packet stations/operators who maintain a 24/7 mailbox and
who are also active in ARES, NTS, or other bona-fide EMCOMM organizations.
To view the current list go to: www.emcomm.org
and click
on: Digital Stations. (To PRINT a copy use LANDSCAPE format.)
+++
TRAINING and CONTINUING EDUCATION SECTION +++
Ed Ewell, K7DXV, Associate Editor for
Training/Technical
Always use standard USPS abbreviations in RADIOGRAM addresses. On
phone, when an operators says: “Puerto Rico”; the receiving station would
write: “PR”. If the sending station says: “street”; the receiving
station would write: “ST”; etc. Of course in Morse, everything is
spelled out, so it would be sent: ST
-----------------cut ‘n paste----------------print ‘n save----------------
USPS ABBREVIATIONS:
STATES AND POSSESSIONS
AL Alabama
AK Alaska
AS American Samoa
AZ Arizona
AR Arkansas
CA California
CO Colorado
CT Connecticut
DE Delaware
DC District of Columbia
FM Federated States of Micronesia
FL Florida
GA Georgia
GU Guam
HI Hawaii
ID Idaho
IL Illinois
IN Indiana
IA Iowa
KS Kansas
KY Kentucky
LA Louisiana
ME Maine
MH Marshall Islands
MD Maryland
MA Massachusetts
MI Michigan
MN Minnesota
MS Mississippi
MO Missouri
MT Montana
NE Nebraska
NV Nevada
NH New Hampshire
NJ New Jersey
NM New Mexico
NY New York
NC North Carolina
ND North Dakota
MP Northern Mariana Islands
OH Ohio
OK Oklahoma
OR Oregon
PA Pennsylvania
PR Puerto Rico
RI Rhode Island
SC South Carolina
SD South Dakota
TN Tennessee
TX Texas
UT Utah
VT Vermont
VA Virginia
VI Virgin Islands, U.S.
WA Washington
WV West Virginia
WI Wisconsin
WY Wyoming
AA Armed Forces the Americas
AE Armed Forces Europe
AP Armed Forces Pacific
OTHER COMMON ABBREVIATIONS:
APT Apartment
AVE Avenue
BLVD Boulevard
CTR Center
CIR Circle
CT Court
DR Drive
EXPY Expressway
HTS Heights
HWY Highway
IS Island
JCT Junction
LK Lake
LN Lane
MTN Mountain
PKWY Parkway
PL Place
PLZ Plaza
RDG Ridge
RD Road
RM Room
SQ Square
ST Street
STA Station
STE Suite
TER Terrace
TRL Trail
TPKE Turnpike
VLY Valley
WAY Way
If you have a question, send it to: k6soj@arrl.net.
Selected questions will be answered in this column.
• Previous training bulletins are archived at:
www.emcomm.org/svares/training/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
• THE TRAFFIC HANDLER’S “MANTRA”:
“No • Prepared • Ham • Should • Copy • Priority • Traffic •
Delayed”
“No • Prepared • Ham • Should • Copy • Priority • Traffic •
Delayed”
“No • Prepared • Ham • Should • Copy • Priority • Traffic •
Delayed”
(NUMBER-PRECEDENCE-HX-STATION OF ORIGIN-CHECK-PLACE OF ORIGIN-TIME-DATE)
+++++ REFERENCE/RESOURCE SECTION +++++
+ MANAGEMENT OF THE AMATEUR RADIO EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS FUNCTION
by Jerry Boyd, MS, KW7J is “hot off the
press”.
• Available from:
WORLDRADIO BOOKS, 2120 28th St., Sacramento, CA 95818
$8.00 plus $2.00 postage and handling. (CA residents add 62¢
sales tax)
• (Mention that you “heard about it” in the EMCOMMWEST Bulletin!)
+ ANTENNA LENGTH CALCULATION PAGE: www.emcomm.org/svares/antenna/design.htm
+ ARRL FSD-218. The famous “pink card” that contains
(almost) “everything you ever needed to know about RADIOGRAMS”. An
electronic version of the FSD-218 is available at: http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/forms/#fsd-218
+ National Traffic System (NTS) Methods and Practices Guidelines http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/nts-mpg/
+ DIGITAL EMCOMM YAHOO GROUP (packet, SSTV, APRS, etc.): http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cadigitalemcomm/
+ BEEN AWHILE SINCE YOU OPERATED CW? NEVER HAD THE ENJOYMENT OF
MORSE OPERATING? Then, take a look at: “A Beginner’s Guide to
Making CW Contacts”
by Jack Wagoner, WB8FSV at: www.netwalk.com/~fsv/CWguide.htm
+ AN EXCELLENT NATIONAL TRAFFIC SYSTEM (NTS) TRAINING WEBSITE IS AT:
http://www.qsl.net/aresco/nts-top.htm
+ ADDITIONAL (VERY) USEFUL information is available at: http://www.remote.arrl.org/FandES/field/pscm/sec2-ch11.html
http://www.area-ham.org/tngdocs/ntsdocs/ntsman.htm
+ CW “NETIQUETTE” (An excellent guide for the advanced
operator): http://www.qsl.net/n5lf/cw-nts.html
+ FOR AN INTERESTING HISTORIC LOOK AT... “THE ART OF COMPOSING
TELEGRAMS”: www.metronet.com/~nmcewen/telegram.html
(Some of the information at the above URL may NOT apply to ARRL RADIOGRAMS)
=== NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SKYWARN SECTION ===
=== MEDFORD -- RENO -- SACRAMENTO -- EUREKA ===
=== CALIFORNIA/NEVADA/OREGON NWS OFFICE MAP: ===
www.stormready.noaa.gov/stormmaps/ca-cwa.htm
=== NWS - ARRL MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING: ===
www.arrl.org/FandES/field/mou/weather.html
SKYWARN is the National Weather Service program of trained
volunteer spotters reporting severe weather. The ARRL/ARES has a national
“memorandum of understanding” (MOU) with the NOAA/NWS.
+ MEDFORD NWS (WX7MFR) SKYWARN NEWS AND INFORMATION -
OREGON: Curry, Coos, Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Klamath, and Lake
Counties. CALIFORNIA: Modoc and Siskiyou Counties.
• Jim Reynolds, KD7MLO, Warning Coordination Meteorologist
• Gary Peterson, N7GK, SKYWARN Coordinator
• D. W. Thorne, K6SOJ, Asst. SKYWARN Coordinator
• MEDFORD NWS SKYWARN WEBSITE: www.emcomm.org/skywarn
• MEDFORD NWS SUMMER 2003 WEATHER SPOTTER CLASS SCHEDULE HAS BEEN
COMPLETED
--------------------------------------------
MEDFORD NWS WX SPOTTER / SKYWARN NETS:
MEDFORD NWS WX SPOTTER NET: Wednesdays at 1915L on:
147.26+ / CTCSS: 123.0, (Mt. Ashland - Jackson County and more)
146.55 SIMPLEX (eastern Siskiyou and Klamath Counties)
146.97- (Likely/Modoc County Relay)
7232 LSB (up) DAYTIME
3987 LSB (down) NIGHTTIME
1982 LSB (alternate).
SKYWARN nets will be activated on these frequencies during severe
weather events.
MEDFORD/RENO NWS SKYWARN NET CONTROL STATIONS -
DATE 147.26+
3987 LSB
AUG 27 N7GK
KB7EKF
SEP 3 N7GK
N7TOD
SEP 10 N6RSN/N2RSI K6SOJ
SEP 17 N7IXS
N2RSN/N2RSI
SEP 24 N7GK
KB7EKF
For more information contact:
Gary, N7GK, gpederso@OregonVOS.net;
or,
Dave, K6SOJ, k6soj@arrl.net
Matt, N7TOD, n7tod@arrl.net (Reno)
NWS PACKET NODE ON MT. ASHLAND is on 145.030 MHz, ID is: skywrn.
NWS is asking for SKYWARN and ARES packet stations to connect and let them know
your location, the type of antenna and power you use to access the Mt. Ashland
node. The “connect” to NWS packet bbs (direct) is on 145.090 MHz and the ID
is NWSMFR. Then connect to NWSBBS, e.g., c nwsmfr. Then, c nwsbbs. The NWSMFR at
nws mfr is a node.
Questions? Contact Gary, N7GK email: gpederso@OregonVOS.net
Check in to the JEFFERSON NOON NET daily at 1200L on 7232 LSB
(alt. 3987) for announcements regarding anticipated or actual severe WX.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
+ RENO NWS (WX7RNO) SKYWARN NEWS AND INFORMATION -
• RENO FORECAST AREA MAP: www.emcomm.org/reno/index.html
• Roger Lamoni – Warning Coordination Meteorologist
• Matt Parker, N7TOD - SKYWARN Coordinator
• http://renoskywarn.org/
SKYWARN NETS:
WEDNESDAYS 1845L 146.61- (123.0) and 1915L on 3987 // Medford (OR) NWS PACKET
Information: Frequency 145.050 Keyboard : WX7RNO (automatically forwards to MBX
when station is unmanned)
MBX: WX7RNO-1 (NWS/SKYWARN related traffic only please, due to
limited capacity of 10K, most of which is occupied by daily forecast bulletins)
KaNode: WX7RNO-7
------------------------------------------------------------------
+ SACRAMENTO NWS SKYWARN NEWS AND INFORMATION
• Kathryn Hoxsie, KC8CLO - Warning Coordination Meteorologist
---------------------------------------------
+ CANWARN (Canada “SKYWARN”)
http://hamster.ivey.uwo.ca/~dcolvin/canwarn/what.htm
+++ GUEST EDITORIAL +++
by Pat Lambert, WØIPL, ARRL Colorado Section Training Coordinator and
co-author of the source material for ARECC Levels I & II.
I am increasingly concerned at the approach used to refer to those people
that have completed ARECC at any level. It borders on one-ups-man ship.
People that join the organization with ARECC certification seem to be given an
aura of deity rather than that of someone that has completed basic training.
Congratulate them for having completed basic training, nothing more. ARECC
Level I is most like the old Novice license. It proves only an interest
and willingness to do some study.
As some know, I have been involved with ARECC since well before it took
the name ARECC. While the stated purpose of ARECC is to provide consistent
BASIC training for everyone, there are many that come away with far less
knowledge than others. Thus to automatically presume anyone with an ARECC
certificate is an accomplished communicator, is in error.
I am co-author of the source material that became ARECC. I am also
mentor for ARECC Level I & II. As a specific example of what I say in
the above paragraph: In the just completed Level I course one of the people came
away with significant knowledge while one other student came away with very
little. The difference? The one that learned the most went in with a
hunger to learn (I know, I spent almost fifteen hours with this one student)
while the other wanted only a certificate.
ARECC serves a very important purpose, BASIC training. It is a
significantly improved start in the training process rather than an end in and
of itself. Let us rather provide accolades for those that not only
complete basic training, but then spend the time and effort to gain usable
experience and round out their knowledge.
EDITOR’S NOTE: If you have a “first person” amateur radio
related “adventure”, an attempt at humor, or other story of interest, please
feel free to submit it for publication in the EMCOMMWEST BULLETIN. We
can’t pay you for it, but if you would like to share it with others...send it
along.
It probably will get (slightly) edited. NOTE: Before submitting long
texts, please contact the editor for a FORMATTING GUIDE.
+ EMCOMMWEST
BULLETIN GENERAL INFORMATION
• SUBSCRIBE TO EMCOMMWEST BULLETIN: www.emcomm.org/subscription.htm
• “THE WELL-EQUIPPED STATION” - SHOW AND TELL
Send in a brief description of your station (one or two paragraphs
describing your set-up and include a (digital) picture that we can display
on EMCOMM.ORG.
• HOW IS EMCOMMWEST AND EMCOMM.ORG FUNDED?
There are no charges, dues, or membership fees for the EMCOMMWEST Bulletin
or EMCOMM.ORG. The domain name, server, and other costs for EMCOMM.ORG are
funded solely by dedicated EMCOMM operators. If you have benefited from
our efforts, and would like to say thanks by supporting this work in a
tangible way; you may do so by sending a few green stamps, or a check made
payable to: EMCOMM. Mail it to: EMCOMM, P.O. Box 99, Macdoel, CA
96058.
A receipt will be issued upon request. (A SASE would be appreciated). Your
donation is an outright gift and is NOT tax-deductible.
A five dollar annual donation works out to less than 10¢ an issue.
“Brother...can you spare a dime?”
• RECENT CONTRIBUTORS
The stream has dried up this summer. To those who have given in the past:
THANKS for helping to keep EMCOMM.ORG and the ECWB “alive”!
• BACK ISSUES OF THE EMCOMMWEST BULLETIN
and (the former 5-1-2+ BULLETIN) ARE ARCHIVED AT:
www.emcomm.org/svares/archives/
• SEARCH FEATURE AT EMCOMM.ORG
Ever try to locate an article in a past issue of the bulletin?
Or, maybe you’re a new subscriber, and you are interested in knowing if a
particular subject has ever been addressed in a former bulletin.
Or...maybe you are just doing some research.
The “site search” feature at www.emcomm.org
may be just what you need!
• The EMCOMMWEST BULLETIN is originated in MS Works, Monotype.com 10pt.
font, 7.4 inch page width, and is best viewed with email font size set at
“smallest”.
• The “EMCOMMWEST BULLETIN” - Copyright (c) 2003 - D. W. Thorne, K6SOJ
Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and re-circulate items from this
bulletin providing appropriate credit is given to the “EMCOMMWEST
BULLETIN” and/or the author or originator of the material. Send
corrections, updates, etc. to: k6soj@arrl.net
=== ECWB #173 END ===